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- W4379780247 abstract "by FRANK C. NELSEN iO The School Controversy among Norwegian Immigrants A clear study that of nineteenth-century the more reflective immigration immigrants, makes particu- it clear that the more reflective immigrants, particularly the ministers, were concerned about the question of whether or not it would be possible to maintain their language , culture, and religious values in the United States. They were also aware that schools and the educational process had much to do with a culture's survival or death. The specter of Americanization troubled more immigrants than historians have been willing to admit. The popular notion that they came ready and willing to be assimilated into American society is largely a myth. The truth is that the immigrants saw America primarily as a land of great economic opportunity- and the Norwegians were no exception.1 Many intended to stay for a few years, make a considerable amount of money, and return to Norway to live the rest of their lives as gentlemen. Although a minority did not accept the American school 1 See A. Lewenhaupt, An Omcial Report on Norwegian and Swedish Immigration, 1870, in Norwegian- American Studies and Records, 13:59 (Northfield, Minnesota, 1943), and J. Magnus Rohne, Norwegian- American Lutheranism Up to 1872 , 18 (New York, 1926). The immigrants made numerous references to the economic factor. See the America letters in Theodore C. Biegen, ed., Land of Their Choice (Minneapolis, 1955). 206 THE SCHOOL CONTROVERSY system, the majority came to support it.2 Opposition to the schools was found largely within the powerful Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod. The immigrants referred to it simply as the Synod, and the simplicity of its name indicates something of the size, prestige, and influence of this church body.3 The Synod is of particular interest because of its hostility to the entire American school system, from kindergarten to college and university education, and for its long and sometimes bitter controversy with key lay leaders who supported the public schools. The ministers of the Synod had been educated in the theological faculty of the University of Christiania (Oslo), and these elitist, class-conscious pastors considered themselves to be the leaders of a counterpart of the established state church in Norway. Their organization was traditional and formalistic ; it stressed above all else the necessity of pure doctrine. After the Synod was reorganized in 1853, it established a relationship with the German Missouri Lutheran Synod, an affiliation which was not to prove altogether beneficial to the Norwegians. For some years after its founding, the Norwegian church did not have a seminary to train young men for the ministry. Because it lacked such an institution, the Synod made arrangements just prior to the Civil War to send ministerial candidates to Concordia Seminary in St. Louis. At this German-speaking seminary, the young Norwegians came under the charismatic influence of the Reverend C. F. W. Walther, founder of the Missouri Synod. He not only had a 2 The first comprehensive study of the school controversy is Laurence M. Larson's chapter, Professor Anderson and the Yankee School, in The Changing West and Other Essays (Northfield, 1936); see also Theodore C. Biegen, The Common School, in Norwegian Migration to America: The American Transition (Northfield, 1940). 3 The Lutheran synod to which the immigrant belonged tended to shape his thinking on the school question. The Elling Eielsen people supported the American common school, and the Conference of the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Synod of Northern Illinois also defended it. For an analysis of the Norwegian- American Lutheran synods during the period of the school controversy, see E. Clifford Nelson and Eugene L. Fevold, The Lutheran Church Among the NorwegianAmericans , Vol. I (Minneapolis, 1960). 207 Frank C. Nelsen profound influence on these students at Concordia, but also on the pastors who had received their theological education earlier in Norway- including men like Laur. Larsen, A. C. Preus, H. A. Preus, Bernt J. Muus, J. A. Ottesen, and U. V. Koren. The vast majority, of Norwegian immigrants held antislavery views, but the pastors adopted the proslavery stance of Walther and the Missouri Synod, a position they argued could be justified from the Bible. Along..." @default.
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- W4379780247 date "1974-01-01" @default.
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- W4379780247 title "The School Controversy among Norwegian Immigrants" @default.
- W4379780247 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/nor.1974.a799098" @default.
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