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• W4379928131 abstract "Sticks and Stones: The Role of Law in the Dynamics of Hate David Kader Sticks and stones will break my bones But words will never harm me. So goes the famous English language children's rhyme of uncertain origins; though apparently first appears in print in the second half of the nineteenth century, with variations (for example, “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me”). In either formulation, the teaching is clear, namely that children are to develop the proverbial “thick skin” to insults, taunts, and, if you will, to “turn the other cheek.” The rhyme is not descriptive, but prescriptive. It is aspirational. This attitude, in my view, is not the cause of but the expression of something unique to the American story in both our culture and our law: That expression is to be tolerated no matter how vile, and that certainly there ought to be no physical retaliation by the individual. That posture of toleration is to be seen not just in the subject of the words, but in the community at large through civic action—in laws, for example. We know, however, that words do harm and can hurt—and that is not only (though especially so) to those subject to hateful words, but also to those that hurl such language at another. Both victim and victimizer recognize that words do harm, do hurt. Moreover, we also know that words can lead to action, in the speaker, in others. Hateful speech can produce hateful conduct. In short, the dynamics of hate is intimately involved with ideas and the expression of those ideas. In my contribution, then, I wish to sketch how the law relates to such dynamics, primarily in the United States, but with passing reference to comparative national and international developments elsewhere in the world. Laws on hate speech First a word about “sticks and stones” that may or do break bones. Such violence is, of course, subject to the criminal law and civil liability. Absent excuse or justification, causing physical harm to another is a crime and a tort. Of interest here is whether such conduct, if motivated by hate, ought to receive additional sanction, beyond the underlying wrongful behavior. The label commonly affixed to such behavior is hate crime—bias‐motivated criminal behavior. The bias can be related to any number of identities: from nationality and ethnicity to religion or sexual orientation. Where legislation exists that defines hate crimes, typically by imposing greater penalties for bias‐motivated conduct, they are to be understood as distinct from laws that might prohibit hate speech. What joins the debate between hate crimes and hate speech is they were both largely born out of World War II and the Holocaust. Numerous nations throughout Europe have hate crimes legislation, something that has come very slowly and piecemeal to the United States (given our federal system where criminal legislation is largely a matter of state law). Some such crimes, though, date from just after the Civil War, with the major federal legislation in this area adopted as part of the famous Civil Rights Act of 1968. Most states in the union now have some form of hate crime legislation. While there remains some debate over the appropriateness and even efficacy of hate crime legislation, the major debate—we might even call it a controversy—is related to hate speech prohibition or regulation. If it is true that hateful speech can hurt and harm an individual, despite the admonition in the children's rhyme that it will not or ought not, and that such expression can be the foundational element in the dynamic of hate that leads to acts of violence, ought it be the subject of the law as well? Even a cursory review of the legal landscape on this question in the United States and around the world reveals a remarkably distinct pattern. The United States has resisted prohibiting or seriously regulating hate speech, while other nations—mostly in Europe, but also elsewhere—to various degrees have legislation regarding hate speech. The same is true as to international law. The subject is vast and beyond the scope of these brief remarks—but I..." @default.
• W4379928131 created "2023-06-09" @default.
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• W4379928131 date "2015-09-01" @default.
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• W4379928131 title "Sticks and Stones: The Role of Law in the Dynamics of Hate" @default.
• W4379928131 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/cro.2015.a782666" @default.
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