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• W4381185569 abstract "Developments in microscopy rapidly advanced in the 19th century, and many will be familiar with the work of Ernst Abbe (1840-1905) on developing a theoretical understanding of how images are formed in the microscope. His collaboration with Carl Zeiss (1816-1888) and Otto Schott (1851-1935) led to the first proper commercialisation of standard microscopes. However, while men usually were publicly visible as the driving force of scientific and technical innovations, many women were also involved in microscopy. Indeed, in 1863, the president of the Southampton Microscopical Society, Dr Bullar commented that microscopy ‘was a branch of science they may both delight and excel in, for it deals with the most delicate objects, requiring the finest touch and handling, all of which display exquisite workmanship and many consummate beauty’*. Women were commonly involved in generating accurate drawings from objects observed under the microscope (while perhaps only their husbands or fathers, as in the case of the Lister sisters1 may have been credited). Fast forward to the present day, and there are many women driving the development of microscopy in its multiple forms. Many of these have generated innovations in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and their contributions and accomplishments have been highlighted in a recently published Roadmap on Women in Applied Physics.2 Thus we, the editors of this special issue, felt it was time to celebrate the contributions of women to the many fields of microscopy by publishing this, the first of two special issues on ‘women in microscopy’. This first issue is an eclectic mix of reviews, commentaries and primary papers. We start off with a commentary from Rita Strack on her career,3 some great advice for women in microscopy, her experiences as an editor, and how she tries to help to reduce gender bias in scholarly publishing. Next, is a fascinating account from Pam Hamer about the election of women as Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Club in 1884 in context with the contributions of women to microscopy at the time, and how, eventually, they were granted the same rights as their male counterparts including the concession to attend the Society's meetings4! We then include four original articles that describe a range of microscopical advances. Ilaria Testa explains her innovation in the field of live cell fluorescence imaging at high resolution, in a large field of view (>100 μm2), building on STED (stimulated emission depletion) imaging. Her group has developed and extended Molecular Nanoscale Live Imaging with Sectioning Ability (MoNaLISA) to produce astounding images of actin in U2OS cells and the post-synaptic density protein Homer1C in living neurones (Casas.5 Maddy Parsons and Susan Cox describe a new method for 3D imaging of cancer cell spheroids. The need to image in 3D rather than in 2D is becoming increasingly more accepted in cancer biology and other areas of life sciences. Cancer spheroids can be made rather simply but as the authors point out, they are only randomly distributed when using standard embedding procedures yielding highly inconsistent samples and rendering imaging of these spheroids rather challenging. Here the authors use microfabricated wafers to create polydimethylsiloxane stamps to generate patterns in 3D collagen gels. Spheroids generated from hanging drops are then embedded into the collagen gel stamps, and subsequently stained and imaged, providing a robust and repeatable method for imaging spheroids.6 Ann Wheeler's group demonstrates a new approach for fluorescence lifetime-based FRET analysis in living organisms using zebrafish embryos as an example. This approach is particularly well suited for low signal samples and combines fluorophore lifetime measurements, and average arrival time of the photons, to calculate the minimum fraction of interacting donor, and thus rapidly analyse protein-protein interactions in living organisms.7 Sophie Brasselet's group demonstrates how polarisation second harmonic generation is able to detect changes to fibrillar collagen organisation in biological tissues. In particular, the authors describe different optimisation methods to increase the quality of polarisation control and how these can be used for in-depth polarisation second harmonic generation imaging of collagen in tendons and the skull bone.8 Applications of fluorescence microscopy have been key in generating important biological understanding. Marisa Martin-Fernandez reviews how quantitative fluorescence microscopy and super-resolution imaging, in addition to cell-free methods of structural biology, have provided new insight into the epidermal growth factor receptor specifically reflecting on her own underpinning contributions to the field.9 Anja Geitman reviews the seminal contributions of Katherine Esau (1898-1997) to plant anatomy and microscopy, employing both light and electron microscopy, and demonstrating the beauty of her original drawings and comparing those to images from more recent work, such as the beautiful light sheet images of roots in Arabidopsis thaliana or 3D time-lapse images of developing cell plates in tobacco BY2 cells, among many other examples.10 The review also highlights some of the key changes that have dramatically altered the way of performing (plant) microscopy such as digitisation, fluorescent probing as well as 3D, non-invasive and quantitative imaging. Verena Kriechbaumer and her colleagues describe the intricate interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the endoplasmic reticulum in plant cells, and how specific actin markers can have strong effects on ER organisation and dynamics while changes in ER structure influence the actin cytoskeleton architecture.11 The group of A Lacey Samuels compares ultrastructural preservation of cannabis glandular trichromes, which store lipidic specialised metabolites, after cryofixation and conventional chemical fixation for electron microscopy studies. While the first provides a much higher level of detail of the intracellular structure of the trichromes, conventional aldehyde fixation reveals more information on the ultrastructure of the plant cell wall.12 Finally, Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson and colleagues describe how microscopy of specific traits in fossil pollen grains from Holocene peat or lake sediments in Iceland can be used to determine peaks of past hybridisation events between two different birch species and that these concur with periods of climate warming in Iceland.13 *Many thanks to Pam Hamer in pointing out this text to us. It was published in the Transactions of the Microscopical Society and Journal, Volume XI – New Series, 1863. pg148-150." @default.
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• W4381185569 date "2023-06-19" @default.
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• W4381185569 title "Introduction to women in microscopy: Volume 1" @default.
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