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- W4382934428 abstract "Ephedra is a genus of plants, one species of which is known as Ma huang or Ephedra sinica (CASRN: 299-42-3 for ephedrine; CASRN: 50-98-6 for ephedrine hydrochloride CASRN: 134-72-5 for ephedrine sulfate), the prime source of ephedrine alkaloids, including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been used for centuries to treat bronchoconstriction, because of their activity at β2-adrenergic receptors. Dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids were extensively used for aiding weight control and boosting sports performance and energy. Recently introduced into use in the United States and Europe as a weight loss agent and aid in bodybuilding. Ma huang and Ephedra species containing ephedrine alkaloids have been linked to multiple potentially severe, including clinically apparent liver injury. However, reports of over 100 deaths and 500 reports of adverse events associated with ephedrine-containing dietary supplements resulted in a complete ban of the use of ephedra-containing products in 1997 the Olympics has banned the use of ephedra for over a decade. The toxicity may vary depending on composition of ephedrine (in the form of either (1S,2R)-(+)-ephedrine hydrochloride or ephedrine sulfate). Ephedrine and its derivatives are adrenergic agonists and may produce severe hypertensive episodes following ingestion. Large doses may give rise to giddiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, thirst, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), pruritus, precordial pain, palpitations, difficult urination (micturition), muscular weakness and tremors, and restlessness insomnia. Overdose may produce paranoid psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations. Long-term exposure to respiratory irritants may result in disease of the airways involving difficult breathing and related systemic problems. Asthma-like symptoms may continue for months or even years after exposure to the material ceases. A condition known as reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) which can occur following exposure to high levels of the highly irritating compound. Generally, 125–800 and 50–1200 mg kg−1 ranges are extremely toxic and fatal to mice and rats, respectively. Probable lethal dose in humans is 50 mg kg−1. Caution is warranted prior to its use either as a medication or as a nutritional supplement." @default.
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- W4382934428 date "2023-07-01" @default.
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- W4382934428 title "Paternal smoking and maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure: Results from the EHF (Environmental Health Fund) Birth Cohort" @default.
- W4382934428 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107235" @default.
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