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• W4382938096 abstract "The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected older adults in numerous ways. This includes increased mortality, a more severe disease, and social isolation, which can lead to a greater chance of developing depression and anxiety. Depressive and anxiety symptoms are also associated with hearing loss, 1,2 which is notably burdensome given the high prevalence of hearing loss among older adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among older Americans with self-reported hearing loss before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.www.shutterstock.com. Depression, anxiety, COVID-19 pandemic, hearing loss.Table 1: Population-Based (nationally Weighted) Percentages for Characteristics of older adults stratified by self-reported Hearing Loss status in the United states national Health and aging Trends study (nHaTs), 2020.Table 2: nationally Weighted Prevalence (%) and incidence (%) of depression and anxiety among older adults stratified by self-reported Hearing Loss status in the United states national Health and aging Trends study (nHaTs), 2019 and 2020 (score of 3 or Higher indicates Both depression and anxiety)METHOD We analyzed the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally representative survey of Medicare beneficiaries conducted annually since 2011. A total of 4,389 older adults (age ≥ 70 years; female 56.0%) completed both Round 9 (2019) and Round 10 (2020) (Table 1). Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-2), 3 with a reference period of “previous 30 days.” Each item was scored between zero and three, while the total score ranged from zero to six. A score of three was the criterion used for both depression and anxiety. Self-reported hearing loss was defined based on the responses to the hearing aid and hearing function questions in the NHATS Round 10 data collection instrument. Participants were classified as having hearing loss if they confirmed they “used a hearing aid or other hearing device” or reported being deaf. For those who were not using hearing devices, if they could not “hear well enough to use the telephone,” could not “hear well enough to carry on a conversation in a room with a radio or TV playing,” or could not “hear well enough to carry on a conversation in a quiet room,” they were classified as having hearing loss. Data were analyzed using the survey procedures in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) v. 9.4. Statistical significance was defined as a P < 0.05. Sampling weights were applied to account for the complex survey design. Multiple comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction. NHATS was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported hearing loss was 27% [95% confidence interval (CI): 25.4%-28.5%] in 2020, representing 9.3 million older adults in the US. Table 2 shows the prevalence and incidence of depression, anxiety, and coexisting depression and anxiety in 2019 and 2020. Before the pandemic, 3.2% (12.4% vs. 9.2%) more individuals with hearing loss reported depression than those without hearing loss (adjusted P = 0.047; 95% CI: 0.03%-6.3%), and during the pandemic, 5.0% (16.2% vs. 11.2%) more participants with hearing loss reported depression (adjusted P = 0.008; 95% CI: 1.1%-8.9%). There were no significant differences in the proportion of participants with and without hearing loss who had anxiety symptoms before the pandemic. However, 3.3% (12.1% vs. 8.7%) more people with hearing loss experienced anxiety than those without hearing loss during the pandemic (adjusted P = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.09%-6.6%). The prevalence ratio (PR) or relative risk before the pandemic was 30% greater (PR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7) for the proportion of older people with depression if an individual had hearing loss and was 40% higher during the pandemic (PR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.8). In addition, older adults who experienced anxiety during the pandemic were 40% more likely to report hearing loss (PR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8). This association between anxiety and hearing loss was not observed before the pandemic. DISCUSSION This study provides nationally representative estimates of depression and anxiety among older Americans with self-reported hearing loss before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and anxiety were substantially more prevalent among older adults with self-reported hearing loss compared to those without hearing loss. This finding that hearing loss is associated with higher prevalence of depression among older adults has been reported previously. 4 The prolonged lockdown, stay-at-home orders, or public health regulations implemented to prevent coronavirus transmission negatively impacted the mental health of the population. 5 The resulting communication challenges caused more social and emotional stress for older adults with hearing loss during the pandemic. 6 Limitations of the study include potential recall bias of respondents and hearing loss was self-reported. Yet, given the high prevalence of hearing loss and its association with depression and anxiety, which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, the provision of integrated mental health and hearing health care to older adults with hearing loss is important. Disclosure: The authors are Federal employees, and the study analysis was supported as part of their regular governmental research duties. The National Institutes of Health had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication." @default.
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• W4382938096 date "2023-06-28" @default.
• W4382938096 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4382938096 title "Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Older Americans With Self-Reported Hearing Loss Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic" @default.
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• W4382938096 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000946088.79251.44" @default.
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