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• W4382986455 abstract "When Michael Faraday introduced his famous lectures on candles, he introduced the topic with: “There is no better, there is no more open door by which you can enter into the study of natural philosophy than by considering the physical phenomena of a candle.” 1 This is even more true in the study of energetic materials that is arguably more multidisciplinary, including chemistry, physics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and material science, and in addition function at the extremes in pressure, temperature, and time scale. Amazingly, there are nearly endless possibilities for novel energetic materials that can stimulate all other areas of this exciting research area. When we consider novel advanced propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics we almost exclusively think of new molecules – polymeric or crystalline. This includes cocrystals of two or more molecules where improved novel materials can be developed using existing molecules. However, there is at least as much opportunity for improvement of materials through modifying microscopic and macroscopic structures and components. We could call this approach engineering energetic materials. These engineered or designed materials offer significant benefits in performance, sensitivity, and life cycle issues. Approaches include additive manufacturing, mechanical activation (MA) (or arrested ball milling, ABM), coatings (including core-shell particles), surface modification, and other composite particles. Both top-down and bottom-up fabrication methodologies can yield important new energetic material systems. Most current energetic materials are composites composed of crystalline, and often metal particles, with polymers (binders) that are mixed and then cast in place or pressed and machined to final shape. Formulators can choose the materials used (composition) and size distributions, but conventionally do not precisely control microstructure or engineer the particles used. Additive manufacturing (AM) is opening the capability to precisely control microstructures beyond casting and machining. This could lead to previously unobtainable structures and enable functional gradation and controlled integration of multiple materials. For propellants this could be a pathway to tailored grains where precise grain geometry, multiple materials, and gradation could be prescribed to control deflagration propagation 2. Likewise, detonation wave shaping may be possible to achieve better corner turning or other desired effects including on-demand sensitivity for explosives 3. Additive manufacturing has the potential to impact pyrotechnics too 4, 5. Improved igniters 6, flares, reactive structures, smart and multifunctional materials 7 are just a few areas to be pursued. A significant opportunity for AM also exists for replacing inert structures with printed complex energetic ones that could enable increases in overall system performance. There is a lot of development required in AM to achieve its full potential. Complementing this effort, particle engineering offers important research opportunities and may enable entirely new applications. Some liquid fuels are miscible mixtures, forming a homogeneous mixture, and others are emulsions that are microscopically heterogeneous; for metals and crystalline particles there are analogies to this 8. For example, alloys are solid phase homogeneous mixtures and composite particles are microscopically heterogeneous. There are numerous opportunities for these types of materials that have tailored microstructure: new alloys could be imagined for example. Coatings or surface treatments 9, core-shell geometries, foils (layered materials) 10, MA/ABM, alloys, and multicomponent crystals (not well-ordered co-crystals or amorphous multicomponent-crystals) are a few additional approaches. For example, ignition thresholds can dramatically be decreased, and reactions rates increased in some cases 11. Furthermore, when there are disparate volatilities of components in either homogeneous (e. g., alloys) or heterogeneous (composite particles) metals, microexplosions can occur that improve combustion efficiency and decrease two-phase flow losses 12. Using such engineered particles, including core-shell materials, create many opportunities that are yet to be pursued. Consider a core particle that might be a very reactive material surrounded by a shell that could be more compatible with other particles or polymers. In short, the opportunities for the development of unique disruptive engineered energetic materials are nearly endless and much work remains to address technical hurdles before transitioning to practical applications. It is an exciting time to work in the field; to paraphrase Michael Faraday: energetic materials provide the most open door to the study of science. Enjoy and have fun!" @default.
• W4382986455 created "2023-07-04" @default.
• W4382986455 creator A5051421831 @default.
• W4382986455 date "2023-07-01" @default.
• W4382986455 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W4382986455 title "Opportunities in Engineering Energetic Materials" @default.
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• W4382986455 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202380731" @default.
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