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• W4383456780 abstract "COMMENT: THE COMPLEX NATURE OF EXPLANATIONS IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF TECHNOLOGY JOHN G. BURKE A low-altitude coast-to-coast flight in fair weather is perhaps one of the better wavs to appreciate the rich natural resources, the tre­ mendous productive capacity, and the technological might of the United States. In the Northeast one may view the textile, metal­ working, chemical, and refining industries, and in southern California, the sprawling aerospace complexes and their satellite manufacturing industries. Between these areas the traveler sees the coal mines and steel mills of Pennsylvania and Ohio, the endless corn and wheat fields of the American heartland. Toward our northern borders he will observe the rich timber reserves, and in the Southwest, the forests of oil derricks. Advanced technology is a basic characteristic of American life. Yet, it is a curious circumstance that so little is known about the process by which this portion of the continent was transformed in less than two centuries from a sparsely populated near-wilderness into the most productive agricultural and industrial country on earth. It is the historiography of this process with which George Daniels is concerned, and in addressing himself to the major problems in the history of American technology, he has written a highly stimulating, thought-provoking, and important paper. I should like to speak first about his final generalization, that is, that the preferences of people have a lot to do with the development of their technology. I agree, but I believe this conclusion may be u like to suggest the word “values.”y Daniels mentioned the writings of Crevecoeur to illustrate his point. Now, if one searches Crevecoeur’s work thoroughly in order to identify common American values prior to the Revolution, he will find the following stressed: freedom, equal­ ity, individualism, activity and work, practicality, efficiency, achieve­ ment, success, progress, morality, humanitarianism, and racism. ComDr . Burke, professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, is the author of Origins of the Science of Crystals and The New Technology and Human Values. 22 Explanations in Historiography of Technology 2 3 paring these values with the value orientations of Americans listed in a recent comprehensive study by Robin M. Williams,1 one is struck by the fact that all of the values noted by Crevecoeur are commonly held at present. It is obvious, of course, that the content of any value does not remain constant. The practicality and ingenuity of Americans praised by Crevecoeur consisted in the ability of the ordinary farmer to cure sick beasts, build his home, and repair his tools, and in his wife’s ability to spin yarn, weave fabric, and make serviceable clothing. In our times, these values are characterized by the ability to aid in the design or construction of a computer, an automated system, a space­ craft, or the like; in other words, they are equated with the tech­ nological efficiency and proficiency so visible today. Furthermore, owing to the broader spectrum of options available to individuals, the content of a particular value has expanded. Whereas in colonial times only a few paths could lead to success, at present the tremen­ dous diversity of occupations permits the mature development of many human talents with consequent rewards to the individual either intellectually or financially. However, although the content of values has thus been altered and modified, it seems to me that the progressive success of American technological enterprise is owing in large measure to the fact that value orientations have not changed over a considerable span of time. Each successive generation, (at least until the present younger generation^!has in large degree accepted these values, and immigrants similarly adopted them. Concentrating upon values, I believe, allows light to be shed on the question of the relationship between technological innovation and social change, and with respect to this I must part company with Daniels. We must remember that men, or institutions composed of men, bring about innovation, not any pervasive, underlying, and littleknown “technological force.” And, depending upon the extent of the power or persuasiveness of these men or institutions, they can influence a society to adopt an innovation by showing in some manner that it will enhance..." @default.
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• W4383456780 title "Comment: The Complex Nature of Explanations in the Historiography of Technology" @default.
• W4383456780 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1970.a894186" @default.
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