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• W4383460448 abstract "The Introduction of the Loading Coil: George A. Campbell and Michael I. Pupin JAMES E. BRITTAIN The introduction of loading coils into telephone circuits was prob­ ably the most important single technical innovation in telephony during the forty-year period between the time of Bell’s original inventions and the introduction of electronic amplifiers. By 1900 long­ distance telephony had reached what seemed to be a practical limit in a 1,200-mile circuit between Boston and Chicago. The loading inno­ vation, in effect, doubled the practical distance and also led to sub­ stantial reductions in the construction costs of underground cable circuits used in urban areas. Exploitation of the loading coil saved the American Telephone and Telegraph Company an estimated one hundred million dollars during the first quarter of the 20th century.1 Despite its great economic importance and the fact that it has been frequently cited to illustrate the impact of science on technology, the early history of the loading coil has been subject to considerable misunderstanding. This is due not only to the somewhat esoteric nature of the innovation but also to a persistent myth regarding the role of Michael I. Pupin in its introduction. The coil-loaded telephone circuit may seem deceptively simple, since it consists of inductance coils connected in series with the conductors of telephone wires at periodic intervals. However, an examination of the historical details reveals that this was one of the most sophisticated electrical innovations of the 19th century. It is significant that each of the claimants to priority of discovery was proficient in mathematical physics. Unlike earlier communications advances, even including the telephone itself, loading was based on an understanding of the Maxwell-Heaviside electromagnetic theory and required an “inventor” having a considerable facility in applying Dr. Brittain, a specialist in the history of electrical engineering, teaches the his­ tory of science and technology at Georgia Institute of Technology. 1 Thomas Shaw and William Fondiller, “Developments and Applications of Loading for Telephone Circuits,” Transactions of the American Institute of Elec­ trical Engineers 45 (1926):291-92 (hereafter cited as Trans. AIEE). 36 Introduction of the Loading Coil 37 and extending that theory. Consequently, it is not surprising to find that many engineers and patent specialists experienced difficulty in grasping some of the subtleties of the analysis and explanation of loading. The successful practice of loading required that strict limits be placed on the design and spacing of the loading coils. If these limits were not satisfied, transmitted currents were subjected to more distortion than if loading had not been used at all. Also, inductance coils had often been used in other applications to impede rather than enhance the transfer of alternating-current energy. For this reason, many engineers were not convinced that loading would really improve telephonic transmission until they had witnessed demonstrations on actual circuits. Many important technical inventions or discoveries have been con­ troversial, and loading was no exception. Michael I. Pupin, a Columbia University professor, won both fame and a considerable fortune for his role in the introduction of loading. Pupin’s version of the history of the loading coil was included in his autobiography, From Immigrant to Inventor, which won him a Pulitzer prize in 1924. This version seems to have been generally accepted by recent historians of electrical technology.2 A second claimant was the brilliant and eccentric British electrical theorist, Oliver Heaviside. A few of Heaviside’s advocates argued that the Bell company had conspired to deny him the credit for this and other discoveries.3 A third and probably the least-known 2 See, for example, Harold I. Sharlin, The Making of the Electrical Age (London, 1963), pp. 65-68, and Percy Dunsheath, A History of Electrical Engineering (Lon­ don, 1963), p. 245. 3 For example, B. A. Behrend wrote to G. F. C. Searle, a British scientist and friend of Heaviside, that he had succeeded in persuading the directors of the Ameri­ can Institute of Electrical Engineers to award an honorary membership to Heaviside only by agreeing to give support to “the recognition of certain parties by the award of an Edison Medal.” Presumably, Behrend was alluding to John J. Carty, chief engineer..." @default.
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• W4383460448 date "1970-01-01" @default.
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• W4383460448 title "The Introduction of the Loading Coil: George A. Campbell and Michael I. Pupin" @default.
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