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• W4384205145 abstract "Abstract Arc welding processes represent an important category of fusion welding techniques. They are characterised by the use of an electric arc to create heat to melt and join metals. Submerged arc welding belongs to this process category. Its peculiarities are mainly related to the employment of a continuously fed electrode and of a powdered flux to cover the arc providing electrical conduction between electrode and metals to be connected and, at the same time, generating protective gas and slag shields. Current ( $$I$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> </mml:math> ), voltage ( $$V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:math> ), and welding speed ( $$v$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> ) are the main process variables, properly set, to guarantee the specific heat (SH) required to achieve sound weld beads. In this research, finite element models were built looking at the macrographs extracted by experimental tests performed in two steps in order to obtain the real area of each pass and setting different welding conditions. Different combinations of $$I$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> </mml:math> , $$V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:math> , and $$v$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> were proposed providing, however, a fixed SH to the welding zone according to the required industrial standards. Specifically, tests were executed increasing the ratio V to v (for a constant $$I$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> </mml:math> ) and the ratio $$I$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> </mml:math> to $$v$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> (for a constant $$V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:math> ) and with a different combination of $$V$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:math> and $$I$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> </mml:math> maintaining constant their product (for a constant $$v$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:math> ). The influence of the investigated variables’ combination on the weld pool in terms of depth and width was discussed. Finally, the validated numerical models were employed to highlight precisely residual stresses and displacements trend on cross-sectioned weld beads connecting the shown tendencies to the investigated process conditions." @default.
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• W4384205145 date "2023-07-13" @default.
• W4384205145 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4384205145 title "Submerged arc welding process: a numerical investigation of temperatures, displacements, and residual stresses in ASTM A516-Gr70 corner joined samples" @default.
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• W4384205145 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11908-x" @default.
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