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• W4384471302 abstract "Even though depression is usually understood to be explained by the monoamine theory, it is significantly more complicated than that, and treatments that target the disease's pathway have not yet been produced. In this sense, having a better understanding of neuroinflammation and neurovascular dysfunction might make it possible to take a more holistic approach to treating depression. The immune system, endocrine system, and neurological system are all involved in the process of inflammation, which can be thought of as a form of allostatic load. In the pathophysiology of depression, neuroinflammation plays a role by elevating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, activating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, elevating levels of glucocorticoid resistance, and affecting serotonin synthesis and metabolism, neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity. In the future, the identification of the subtypes of depression that are associated with an increased vulnerability to inflammation and the testing of the effects of inflammatory modulating medications in these patient groups by means of clinical studies will lead to more precise findings regarding the subject matter. Mood disorders are linked to increased inflammation, and the resolution of symptoms following the administration of numerous treatments is frequently accompanied by a return to normal levels of pro-inflammatory. Treatments for refractory mood disorders have included a wide array of neuromodulation procedures, which alter the activities of specific regions of the brain. Their usefulness, on the other hand, varies from person to person and there is no accurate indicator of it. This review provides a summary of human and animal studies on inflammation in brain circuits that are associated with anxiety and depression, as well as the evidence that neuromodulation therapies regulate neuroinflammation in the treatment of neurological illnesses. It has been reported that neuromodulation therapies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), photobiomodulation (PBM), transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), can all attenuate neuroinflammation and reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors. This may be one of the reasons why patients experience an improvement in their mood. This study gives a better knowledge of the successful mechanism of neuromodulation treatments and reveals that inflammatory biomarkers may serve as a reference for the assessment of pathological states and treatment options in anxiety and depression. Moreover, this research demonstrates that neuromodulation therapies have the potential to be beneficial in the treatment of anxiety and depression." @default.
• W4384471302 created "2023-07-17" @default.
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• W4384471302 date "2023-01-01" @default.
• W4384471302 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
• W4384471302 title "Neuroinflammation and depression: An update" @default.
• W4384471302 doi "https://doi.org/10.56717/jpp.2023.v02i01.016" @default.
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