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• W4384695325 endingPage "094005" @default.
• W4384695325 startingPage "094005" @default.
• W4384695325 abstract "Abstract The sensitivity of urban canopy air temperature ( <?CDATA ${T_a}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) to anthropogenic heat flux ( <?CDATA ${Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) is known to vary with space and time, but the key factors controlling such spatiotemporal variabilities remain elusive. To quantify the contributions of different physical processes to the magnitude and variability of <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}/Delta {Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (where <?CDATA $Delta $?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> </mml:math> represents a change), we develop a forcing-feedback framework based on the energy budget of air within the urban canopy layer and apply it to diagnosing <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}/Delta {Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> simulated by the Community Land Model Urban over the contiguous United States (CONUS). In summer, the median <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}/Delta {Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is around 0.01 <?CDATA ${text{K }}{left( {{text{W }}{{text{m}}^{ - {text{2}}}}} right)^{ - 1}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>K </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mfenced close=) open=(> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>W </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> over the CONUS. Besides the direct effect of <?CDATA ${Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> on <?CDATA ${T_a}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , there are important feedbacks through changes in the surface temperature, the atmosphere–canopy air heat conductance ( <?CDATA ${c_a}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), and the surface–canopy air heat conductance. The positive and negative feedbacks nearly cancel each other out and <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}/Delta {Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is mostly controlled by the direct effect in summer. In winter, <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}/Delta {Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> becomes stronger, with the median value increased by about 20% due to weakened negative feedback associated with <?CDATA ${c_a}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The spatial and temporal (both seasonal and diurnal) variability of <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}/Delta {Q_{AH}}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> as well as the nonlinear response of <?CDATA $Delta {T_a}{text{ }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to <?CDATA $Delta {Q_{AH}}{text{ }}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mi mathvariant=normal>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are strongly related to the variability of <?CDATA ${c_a}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML overflow=scroll> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , highlighting the importance of correctly parameterizing convective heat transfer in urban canopy models." @default.
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• W4384695325 date "2023-08-14" @default.
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• W4384695325 title "Deciphering the sensitivity of urban canopy air temperature to anthropogenic heat flux with a forcing-feedback framework" @default.
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