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• W4385344562 abstract "Reviewed by: We Refuse to Forget: A True Story of Black Creeks, American Identity, and Power by Caleb Gayle John H. Cable We Refuse to Forget: A True Story of Black Creeks, American Identity, and Power. By Caleb Gayle. ( New York: Riverhead Books, 2022. Pp. xviii, 254. Paper, $18.00, ISBN 978-0-593-3296-0; cloth, $28.00, ISBN 978-0-593-32958-0.) In We Refuse to Forget: A True Story of Black Creeks, American Identity, and Power, Caleb Gayle argues that simplistic notions of race have obscured Americans' beautifully complex identities (p. 230). Gayle focuses on Black Creeks, for whom Creek identity is both culturally significant and a basis for claim-making. He objects to foreshortened definitions of Blackness and Indianness. Telling the story of a people who were both fully Black and fully Creek, Gayle asserts, can reveal more expansive ways to … be and feel American (p. xvi). Black Creeks are the descendants of free and enslaved African Americans who made the trek to Indian Territory with their Indigenous kinfolk and enslavers in the 1830s. One such individual, Cow Tom, is the patriarch in Gayle's multigenerational narrative. Cow Tom probably made the journey to Indian Territory without his freedom, although his descendants believe otherwise. Gayle does little to set the record straight, discussing how the term slave—applied to Cow Tom uncritically by a contemporary observer—is too restrictive. In any event, by 1861, Cow Tom was undeniably free, a landowning cattleman, and a prominent member of the Creek Nation. After the Civil War, when the United States government treated with the Creeks, Cow Tom joined a small delegation that pushed not only for Black freedom but also for full citizenship and a share in government disbursements. For decades, Black Creek descendants enjoyed the benefits of Creek citizenship in Indian Territory, which set them apart from Black Americans elsewhere living under Jim Crow. Gayle discusses how the Dawes Act (1887) and the Curtis Act (1898) opened a long assault on Black Creek identity. As the U.S. government broke up Native landholdings, its Dawes Commission enumerated Creeks by race (specifically, by blood, an absurdly problematic way of applying an already artificial classificatory scheme). Black Creeks—freeborn and ex-slave alike—landed on the separate Freedmen Roll, a repudiation of both their history and their fully Creek identity (p. 173). Cow Tom's descendants continued to prosper in the Creek Nation—contained, by 1907, in the state of Oklahoma—though their Blackness increasingly attracted the ire of racists (both Creek and non-Creek). Finally, in 1979, Johnnie Mae Austin, one of Cow Tom's descendants, stopped receiving mail from the Creek Nation. The new Creek constitution had defined citizens as those persons and their lineal descendants whose blood quantum is one-quarter (1/4) or more Muscogee (Creek) Indian (p. 178). Black Creeks like Austin no longer qualified. We Refuse to Forget is as engaging as it is timely. Gayle, a journalist, renders legible the complex history of Black Creek identity, ably demonstrating [End Page 549] that tidy racial classifications never tell the whole story. The book affords general audiences a fine introduction to that line of argument. However, specialists—who will have read Alaina E. Roberts's work on the subject—will find in Gayle's book few new contributions (and no notes or bibliography). The book's shortcomings principally relate to its often one-dimensional treatment of white supremacy and anti-Blackness. Gayle recognizes that race is site-specific and situational. In the United States, it has tended to serve the interests of powerful whites. Yet, at times, he depicts white supremacy as something of a disembodied force. In references to white supremacy's true goal and the will and ambition of white supremacy, it seems to have a mind of its own (pp. xiv, 89). Moreover, the author often depicts anti-Blackness among Creeks as merely an extension (or repurposing) of white racism. Such a view is too simplistic and fails to account for Creeks' own reasons for harboring anti-Black attitudes and passing patently racist laws. Those issues aside, We Refuse to Forget is an accessible, narrative-driven book that makes an..." @default.
• W4385344562 created "2023-07-29" @default.
• W4385344562 date "2023-08-01" @default.
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• W4385344562 title "We Refuse to Forget: A True Story of Black Creeks, American Identity, and Power by Caleb Gayle (review)" @default.
• W4385344562 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/soh.2023.a903197" @default.
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