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• W4385514388 abstract "Biology is elucidating global patterns and processes at a rapid pace, as international initiatives mobilize an ever-expanding amount of data on the environment (Karger et al., 2017; Lembrechts et al., 2020), species occurrences (GBIF, 2023), community composition (Sabatini et al., 2021), phylogenomics (Smith et al., 2020) and functional traits (Kattge et al., 2020). Data synthesis and modern comparative methods (Garamszegi, 2014) are shedding light on the origin and distribution of present-day biodiversity, including the underlying processes of trait evolution and species adaptation (Sauquet & Magallón, 2018). In plant science, trait-based macroecology is exploring how species and communities respond to the environment and affect ecosystem functions (Wright et al., 2004; Chave et al., 2009; Mommer & Weemstra, 2012; Bruelheide et al., 2018). Together with plant height and seed mass, leaf–wood–root traits are helping to describe the global spectrum of plant form and function (Díaz et al., 2016; Carmona et al., 2021). In contrast with the growing understanding of vegetative plant functions, our knowledge of seed-based plant regeneration is less profound, except for the functions related to seed mass (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2016; Larson & Funk, 2016). The regeneration phase plays a crucial role in the plant life cycle, with effects on species turnover, community assembly and plant conservation (Grubb, 1977). The regeneration niche reflects the multifactorial interactions between seeds or seedlings and their environment, including the functions of dispersal, seed persistence, germination and seedling establishment (Poschlod et al., 2013). Unfortunately, little progress has been made in synthesizing data on seed traits (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2016; Larson & Funk, 2016). This is especially evident in the case of seed germination. Accurately describing the seed germination function requires integrating an ample range of metrics reflecting different drivers of physiological seed germination – from germination proportions, the most available germination trait in TRY (Kattge et al., 2020), to calculations of speed and synchrony (Lozano-Isla et al., 2019) or more complex models such as hydrothermal germination thresholds (Dürr et al., 2015). As a wider range of seed germination metrics and response patterns are synthesized, it will be possible to explore the full spectrum of seed germination strategies that exist among plant populations and species. Seed germination is a physiological process regulated by integrated responses to multiple environmental cues (Donohue et al., 2010). Among these cues, the most important are water (Rosbakh et al., 2019), temperature (Fernández-Pascual et al., 2019), diurnal temperature fluctuations (Thompson et al., 1977), light (Carta et al., 2017) and seed dormancy regulators (Finch-Savage & Leubner-Metzger, 2006; Baskin & Baskin, 2014). The combination of interactions and trade-offs among responses to environmental germination cues across plant species is what we define as the seed germination spectrum (Saatkamp et al., 2019; Fernández-Pascual et al., 2021). Despite extensive research on germination ecology in the last decades, there has been little exploration of how the seed germination spectrum integrates with other adult and regeneration trait spectra (Saatkamp et al., 2019). Global-scale studies are needed to clarify the role of regeneration by seeds in shaping plant evolution and the distribution of past and future plant diversity. The theory underlying the seed germination spectrum has been laid out by decades of work on seed ecology (Baskin & Baskin, 2014), but empirical studies testing major ecological hypotheses at both global and local scales remain elusive without a standardized seed germination database. The seed ecology community has recently recognized the need to synthesize knowledge, setting the research agenda for functional seed ecology (Saatkamp et al., 2019). These efforts have led to the creation of several tools like biome- or family-specific seed germination databases (Fernández-Pascual, 2021; Ordóñez-Parra et al., 2023); an updated global list of species dormancy types (Rosbakh et al., 2020); or R packages to analyse seed germination data (Lozano-Isla et al., 2019; Fernández-Pascual & González-Rodríguez, 2020). In parallel, macroecological studies of seed germination are starting to be more frequent (Sentinella et al., 2020; Fernández-Pascual et al., 2021; Carta et al., 2022). Despite these advances, current efforts are biased to specific floras or habitats of mid-latitude temperate biomes, with the major exception of Brazil (Ordóñez-Parra et al., 2023). Large amounts of the Earth's biodiversity hotspots remain unexplored by global-scale germination analyses, especially in tropical areas and continents such as Africa or parts of Asia (Hughes et al., 2021; Visscher et al., 2022). Archiving seed germination data across species and biomes will allow us to overcome major issues limiting our understanding of seed functions, such as: interspecific variation of germination responses; the heterogeneity of research approaches to measure germination responses; and the need for appropriate statistical methods to model multiple seed responses and different research contexts. Centralizing germination data will also confront new challenges related to the nature of the data: records often track germination proportions in continuous experimental procedures but may also include responses to single and interacting environmental cues that require the application of statistical analyses to derive germination indices as proxy traits (Carta et al., 2022). To advance global understanding of the seed germination spectrum, we are launching SeedArc, a global archive of primary seed germination data (Fig. 1). SeedArc compiles primary seed germination data to synthesize the seed germination spectrum at a global scale. We define primary germination data as the raw information generated under controlled laboratory conditions in a germination experiment conducted with a specific seed lot (i.e. a collection of seeds of a plant species obtained from a geo-referenced population at a specific date; Fernández-Pascual et al., 2021; Carta et al., 2022). Collecting primary germination records as opposed to derived traits, such as germination indices (Dürr et al., 2015; Lozano-Isla et al., 2019), will allow users to extract more (and more comparable) types of information from each experiment, and conduct broad analyses of the database tailored to specific research questions (Fernández-Pascual et al., 2021). Importantly, the association between primary germination records and unique geo-referenced populations and collection events will allow researchers to model and explore intraspecific variability in seed germination, as well as variability produced by different experimental settings. SeedArc includes both published and unpublished germination data and is a unique repository for collecting and archiving experimental data that are currently in notebooks, regional seedbank databases, scattered in scientific articles in different languages or in technical reports. By submitting data to SeedArc, contributors will ensure that their efforts will be acknowledged and that seed germination data will be accessible and usable for future studies. In our vision, the ultimate result will be an easily accessible, interactive, updatable database across a wide range of ecosystems, biomes and plant lineages. In the first round of data mobilization, we focus on primary germination data obtained from seeds collected from wild populations of non-cultivated seed plants. The overarching goal of SeedArc is to allow comparative studies of seed germination across various levels of biological organization. SeedArc adopts the theoretical background of the research agenda for seed-trait functional ecology (Saatkamp et al., 2019), offering a first step towards a global database of seed functional traits, eventually to be linked with other global plant databases (Kattge et al., 2020; Sabatini et al., 2021). SeedArc and its associated metadata will allow users to answer questions related to plant regeneration from seeds, evolution, biogeography and vegetation ecology. Moreover, in the light of the ongoing habitat degradation and climate emergency, SeedArc data will support projects in conservation biology and restoration ecology that rely on the successful germination of seeds (Kildisheva et al., 2020). The aim of SeedArc is to create the largest repository of seed germination data globally. To ensure a fair protocol of data acquisition and use, we have prepared a set of data-management rules accessible on the SeedArc website (https://www.unioviedo.es/seedarc). The current version (1.2) was approved by the SeedArc coordination team in March 2023. These rules aim at developing a transparent system of data contribution and use describing: the objectives of the database; the coordination team of SeedArc, its role and the process to renew it; the nature of the data contributors; the terms of data ownership, data use and co-authorship, highlighting that data contributors retain the ownership of the data and the right to collaborate in SeedArc research; and the validity of the rules and the process to update them. In practice, the scientific contribution of SeedArc will be generated by research projects. Individual projects using the database will start upon request of one member of the coordination team or the data contributors. The essential workflow of data, projects and publications will be as follows: submitted data (= primary data) remain property of the contributors; primary data are managed by the data coordination team; access and usage of the primary data are done through research projects; each research project must publish, open access, all data that are used by the project (= secondary data). In other words, all data in SeedArc will end up being published open access, once they are used and presented in a research publication. The leaders of SeedArc projects will need to follow ethical rules of scientific publishing and will be obliged to produce open science research. SeedArc enables exploration of macroevolutionary and ecological drivers of seed germination. It captures both optimal and suboptimal germination conditions of species, and accounts for intraspecific variability as a key aspect of phenotypic variability in an evolutionary context (Violle et al., 2012; Silvestro et al., 2015). Research opportunities within the SeedArc initiative will be extensive and organized through research projects to address specific questions; any data contributor will be able to propose and lead a project following the procedure outlined in the data-management rules. We invite the community of plant scientists to join SeedArc by contributing primary data on seed germination from all over the world, regardless of the type of experiment conducted and the number of species tested. We offer data ownership and co-authorship rules that aim to support collaboration and attribution under an open science scheme. By contributing to SeedArc, researchers will ensure that their data are preserved and reused. Updated information about SeedArc and instructions for contributing data can be found at https://www.unioviedo.es/seedarc. SeedArc is supported by the Jardín Botánico Atlántico de Gijón/Xixón, project SV-20-GIJON-JBA. The EOARC is jointly funded by the USDA-ARS and Oregon State Agricultural Experiment Station. USDA-ARS and Oregon State University are equal-opportunity providers and employers. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA-ARS, Oregon State University, or the authors and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products. None declared. EFP and BJ-A conceived the idea. EFP, BJ-A, AC and SR drafted the first version of the data-management rules, research goals and structure of the database. EFP, AC, SR, LG, SSP, FAOS, SCC, JEL and BJ-A contributed data, revised and approved the data-management rules, research goals and structure of the database. EFP led manuscript writing, with contributions from AC, SR, LG, SSP, FAOS, SCC, JEL and BJ-A. The data and code to produce this article are available at https://github.com/efernandezpascual/seedarcms. A version of record of the repository is deposited in Zenodo at doi:10.5281/zenodo.8114443." @default.
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• W4385514388 title "<i>SeedArc</i>, a global archive of primary seed germination data" @default.
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