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• W4385586912 endingPage "125" @default.
• W4385586912 startingPage "93" @default.
• W4385586912 abstract "The production rates of many of the steroids are controlled by negative feedback loops, so for example, when low cortisol concentrations in blood are sensed by the hypothalamus it secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) into a vein to the pituitary which then secretes the hormone adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) into the blood stream. At the adrenal gland, ACTH stimulates cortisol production in order to restore normal plasma cortisol concentrations. This is called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). There are similar axes in the male and female called the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) for testes and ovaries, respectively. A familiar negative feedback system is the central heating system in the home. The adrenal gland is the boiler, the room thermostat is the pituitary gland, heat is circulated in the water circulation and the radiators are the liver and other sites of heat dissipation. Aldosterone secretion is only partially under the control of ACTH, the main regulation involves another feedback mechanism involving renin secretion from the kidney. Renin acts on a protein called angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I which is further acted upon by angiotensin converting enzyme to produce Angiotensin II that stimulates aldosterone production. Aldosterone acts at the kidney to retain salt and inhibit renin secretion. Further peptides from angiotensin are now recognized and no doubt there will be changes to the treatment of hypertension and other pathophysiological states from this knowledge. Cholesterol and cholesterol esters are stored in the glands as the starting point for steroid synthesis. The glands do not store the steroid hormones, they are produced on demand mainly through negative feedback commands in circuits involving the hypothalamus and pituitary or the kidney. The production rates of steroids vary with the time of day, the day in the month (for females), season, meals, electrolyte balance so circulating concentrations vary immensely. The interactions of the endocrine glands in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), HP-gonadal axis (HPG) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis (RAA) need to be understood when interpreting endocrine results in normal and pathological situations. The enzymes in steroid production from cholesterol and clearance by activities of hepatic enzymes are dependent on the action of redox systems and are influenced by epigenetic factors although this is an area for much further research." @default.
• W4385586912 created "2023-08-05" @default.
• W4385586912 creator A5063195969 @default.
• W4385586912 date "2023-01-01" @default.
• W4385586912 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W4385586912 title "Regulation of steroid production" @default.
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• W4385586912 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818124-9.00017-6" @default.
• W4385586912 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.

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