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- W4385642308 abstract "The Indian economy is mainly dependent on agriculture, which contributes 21% of the country’s GDP and 60% of the employment. Rainfed agriculture occupies 67% of the net sown area, contributing 44% of food grains and supporting 40% of the population. In view of the growing demand for food grains in the country, there is a need to increase the productivity of rainfed areas from the current 1 t/ha to 2 t/ha in the next two decades. The quality of natural resources in the rainfed ecosystem is gradually declining owing to over-exploitation. Rainfed areas suffer from bio-physical and socio economic constraints affecting the productivity of crops and livestock. In this context, a number of economically viable rainfed technologies have been discussed. These include soil and rainwater conservation measures, efficient crops and cropping systems matched to the growing season, suitable implements for timely sowing and saving of labor, and integrated nutrient and pest management (INM and IPM). To provide stability to farm income during drought and to utilize the marginal lands, different alternative land use systems such as silvi-pasture, rainfed horticulture, and tree farming systems were evolved and demonstrated on watershed basis. Integration of livestock with arable farming systems and the incorporation of indigenous knowledge into farming systems are also discussed. Formation of self-help groups, use of innovative extension tools such as portable rainfall simulators and focus group discussions to help the quick spread of rainfed technologies into farmers’ fields are highlighted. The farming system’s approach to rainfed agriculture not only helps to address income and employment problems but also ensures food security. The energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of any rice production system is important to know the sustainability of varied cultivation and establishment techniques. This study was conducted to determine the energy use pattern, GHG emission, and efficiency of rice farms in puddled transplanted (PTR, rainfed) and direct-seeded rice (DSR, irrigated) production systems in Karnataka, India. The energy indices and GHG emission of different input and output in a rice production system were assessed by using energy and carbon equivalence. The efficiency of PTR and DSR farms was identified using data envelopment analysis and energy optimization was ascertained." @default.
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- W4385642308 date "2023-01-01" @default.
- W4385642308 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W4385642308 title "Energy Budgeting of Crops Under Rainfed Conditions" @default.
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- W4385642308 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7736-7_7-1" @default.
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