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• W4385661364 abstract "ABSTRACTRecent developments in the theory of social evolution give support to arguments that the overall pattern of human evolution can effectively be seen through three linked but sequential mechanisms of biological, cultural, and social evolution. This framework is applied in an overview of the intimate group (for residence) and the community (for group defense) within primate species. For Homo sapiens, the intimate group took the form of a household led by a pairbonded couple. The essay, following introductory remarks, narrates the intimate groups and community groups within hominin species that preceded Homo sapiens, as they developed through the natural selection of biological evolution. Then basic models are reviewed for evolution of individual and group behavior in biological evolution and also in the regimes of cultural and social evolution, as expressed in terms of Darwinian variation, reproduction, and selection. The processes of emergence and transformation in the human household are then traced in theory and narrative, for overlapping eras of biological, cultural, and social evolution, and by expansion in social scale including agriculture and industry. Overall, the essay emphasizes long-term transfer of laborers from household to community sectors, expanding the characteristic productivity of each sector. It shows that the human household remains parallel to the intimate social structures of other primates but that it has become greatly distinctive because of its ability to bring numerous offspring to adulthood.KEYWORDS: Biologicalculturaland social evolutionhouseholdscommunitiesintentionality Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Smith (Citation1993) and Verdon (Citation1998, pp. 4–12) accepted Laslett’s view of contemporary households. But Smith rejected Laslett’s argument that previous analyses had exaggerated household size and complexity, while Verdon supported an ‘atomistic’ view of social structure and found both Laslett and Smith to accept aspects of ‘collectivistic’ suppositions on early social structure.2. The term ‘intimate group’ is used herein to ensure that it refers specifically to the residential and reproductive group; the term ‘family,’ widely and comfortably used, is applied to the overlapping socio-cultural definitions of kinship at many levels.3. See R. I. M. Dunbar (Citation1988) for contributions in primatology; Tattersall (Citation2012) for paleontology; Cann et al. (Citation1987) for genetics; Tomasello (Citation2019) for ontogeny; Berwick and Chomsky (Citation2016) for linguistics; Boyd & Richerson (Citation1985) for cultural evolution; and Tuomela (Citation2013) for philosophy.4. The term ‘hominin’ is now applied to all species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees; previously, the term ‘hominid’ was applied to humans and all great apes.5. On mountain gorillas, Fossey’s study area on Mt. Visoke included a population of roughly 70, divided into four silverback-led groups of with an average of 4 mature females each and an average population of 16, including infants (Fossey, Citation1983: pp. xix – xxii, 10, 50, 231–238).6. Based on anatomical studies of bonobo remains, Diogo et al. (Citation2017) argue that contemporary bonobos give the closest indications of the phenotype of the last common ancestor of chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans.7. J. T. Manning (Citation2002), working in ontological analysis, identified the length ratio of 2nd and 4th digits as ‘a trait which is fixed in utero and which is sensitive to fetal concentrations of testosterone and estrogen.’8. Dunbar (Citation2020b), skeptical of Wrangham’s argument that fire and cooking were widespread among H. erectus, argued that laughter (linking groups of three individuals) may have been an alternative device for expanding networking behavior. The earliest documented hearth is dated some 800,000 years ago; the second is dated 380,000 years ago.9. Mutations within groups of three DNA nucleotides yield selection of a different amino acid, creating changes in proteins that yield varying sorts of bodily functions.10. Two unsuccessful frameworks of biological thought were Haeckel’s argument that ontogeny was a complete replication of phylogeny and the arguments for eugenics, which called for purification of the human genome based on a misunderstanding of its high level of diversity (Rupke, Citation2019).11. ‘Epigenetics’ refers to such changes as the addition of methyl groups to the exterior of DNA molecules plus modification of histones, the proteins around which DNA threads are wrapped; these steps open the door to epigenetic regulation of the activity of nucleotide groups (Felsenfeld, Citation2014; Zhenilo et al., Citation2016).12. Cooperative breeding could take place under conditions of polygamy, polyandry, or monogamy (Hrdy Citation2009: pp. 248–249).13. The early explorations of social evolution generally gave little attention to biological evolution. An important exception was the analysis of D.T Campbell (Citation1975).14. Tuomela’s vision of ‘collective intentionality’ and we-groups expanded the insight of Searle, who suggested in 1995 that spoken language was the first institution. Tuomela’s vision, expanded by Manning, relies on institutions for building specialized knowledge in members, along with a mechanism for creating and reproducing institutions (P. Manning, Citation2023; J. R. Searle, Citation1995; Tuomela, Citation2013).15. ‘How have processes of evolution changed households?’ YouTube. https://youtu.be/eS_piIUibdg16. After a peak of temperature at 500,000 years ago, the low points of temperature were at 430,000 years ago, 340,000 years ago, 250,000 years ago, 130,000 years ago, and 20,000 years ago, but with variations in different parts of the African continent.17. Pairbonding is argued to have enabled stronger female links in alloparenting (Chapais, Citation2008; Gavrilets 2014; Hrdy Citation2009). So far, paleontology gives information on Neanderthal mating and descent but little on household relations (Dunbar Citation2020b: 184–186)18. While households were mostly composed of individuals sharing strong biological or pairbonded ties, they could also include co-resident non-kin as equals or subordinates.19. Indirect evidence on early clothing in Africa, dated through archaeological study of leather-working tools in Morocco and genomic studies of body lice, gives dates ranging from 70,000 to 170,000 years ago. Meanwhile, Tattersall (Citation2012, p. 161) argues that Neanderthals, while they stayed away from ice and snow, must have made and worn clothes.20. The idea of the ‘prelinguistic tribe’ is in effect that the rise of pairbonding brought about exchange of females, so that the limits of the community became redefined as the limits to a pattern of female distribution among groups through mating (Chapais, Citation2008, pp. 228–234). For further development of this reasoning, see Chapais (Citation2014). Other visions of ‘tribe’ or ‘ethnicity’ for this era are presented in P. Richerson and Henrich (Citation2012); Gowlett et al. (Citation2012); and P. Manning (Citation2020a).21. Today’s societies of foraging peoples, though relatively small in size, commonly have populations close to 1500. It may be that foraging societies expanded by a factor of ten (from groups of 150) in the early Holocene along with the societies of agriculturists.22. Chapais argues that bilateral kinship was a later reflection of monogamous relations arising from pairbonded households.23. Perhaps there were earlier household-society partnerships as well. Thus, once language and institutions began, marriages linked couples within households at the same time as they linked the couple’s household to the households of their parents and wider kin nets." @default.
• W4385661364 created "2023-08-09" @default.
• W4385661364 creator A5013244431 @default.
• W4385661364 date "2023-08-07" @default.
• W4385661364 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W4385661364 title "Households and communities: evolution in <i>Homo sapiens</i>" @default.
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