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• W4385706118 abstract "ABSTRACTThis article focuses on four poems written in Half-German by three Baltic German authors: ‘Die Oberpahlsche Freundschaft’ (1818/1857) by Jakob Johann Malm, ‘Karluscha Tattelbaum’ (1903) and ‘Benjamin Paul Püttisepp’ (1909) by Arthur Usthal, and ‘Reise ins Ausland’ (1954) by Walter von Wistinghausen. Literature written in Half-German emerged in a particular socio-historical and linguistic context, which is outlined in the first part of the article. The focus of this article is on the nineteenth century – the heyday of this literary tradition. All four poems will be discussed in the context of carnival culture according to Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of popular culture.KEYWORDS: Baltic German poetryHalf-German poetrymacaronic poetrybilingualism AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Estonian Research Council, Grant No. PRG1106.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Correction StatementThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.Notes1. Ariste lists the most common features of Half-German, see Ariste (Citation1981, 73–74).2. The Baltic German Linguist Oskar Masing (Citation1924–1926, 404) defines the word Kadakenser (according to him also Kadaka-Saks, Kadakide, Kaddikdeutscher) as follows: ‘[A] German-speaking Estonian or Latvian, who wants to be considered German and relates to the real German like the Kaddik shrub [juniper shrub] to the coniferous trees.’3. Schultz-Bertram also compares Half-German with English.4. For more information on Malm’s life and work, see EEVA (Digital Text Collection of Older Literature of Estonia) of the Tartu University Library: https://utlib.ut.ee/eeva/index.php?lang=et&do=autor&aid=655. One can, however, doubt the accuracy of this assertion, since Falck, as a forger of Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz’s texts, has not made a reliable name for himself (Bosse Citation1992).6. The 4th edition published by F. Wassermann in Tallinn is digitally accessible here: https://utlib.ut.ee/eeva/index.php?lang=et&do=tekst&tid=567. Sepp’s Estonian translation of the first part of Malm’s poem has also been reprinted in the first complete translation of the Baltische Skizzen by Pille Toompere (Bertram Citation2022, 255–258).8. In interpreting Malm’s poem, Kalda abandons a purely historicist perspective and, at the same time, moves from linguistics to poetics. She finds a broader context for ‘Die Oberpahlsche Freundschaft’ in the tradition of the macaronic poetry (written in mixed Latin and Italian) of the humanists, which had its beginnings in Italy at the end of the fifteenth century. The phenomenon of macaronic poetry got its name from the poem ‘Carmen Macaronicum de Patavinisis’ (1488) by Tifi (degli) Odasi (Typhis Odaxius) from Padua. ‘So, if you like, Jakob Johann Malm could be called our Tifi degli Odasi,’ Kalda (Citation1993b, 72) concludes. Based on this article and a series of papers published in various anthologies, a detailed study of Malm’s poem was published by Maie Kalda (Citation2000).9. For more information on Usthal’s life and work, see EEVA: https://utlib.ut.ee/eeva/index.php?lang=et&do=autor&aid=98510. See digital copies of both works at EEVA: https://utlib.ut.ee/eeva/index.php?lang=et&do=tekst&tid=6757; https://utlib.ut.ee/eeva/index.php?lang=et&do=tekst&tid=675611. A bailiff (Verwalter or Gutsverwalter) was an employee on an estate responsible for economic management of the estate, also called Amtmann, Hopmann, or Disponent (later also Agronom) in the Baltic (the German equivalent was Inspektor).12. A large number of the Baltic Germans who resettled in Germany during World War II went through a painful process of separation from their homeland, the memories of which were probably partly reflected in ‘Reise in Ausland.’ It is striking that in the penultimate stanza of the poem not only Pirk’s heart – that is, ‘my heart’ – is beating before the reunion with the homeland, but ‘our hearts’ are beating, that is, the hearts of all Baltic Germans without their homeland. ‘Pirk’s love for his homeland speaks to each of us,’ says Robert Arthur von Lemm (Citation1955, 53).13. Such words are handled in a particularly playful way, for example, Pissimismus (‘pissimissm’) instead of Pessimismus (‘pessimism;’ in Estonian/English piss – in German Piß/Pisse) (see Usthal Citation1909, 7).14. See the poem ‘Tenn ich war auf krohse Laulopiddo in Terpat’ (Because I attended the big Singers’ Festival in Tartu) (Bertram Citation1900, 17–22).Additional informationNotes on contributorsVahur AabramsVahur Aabrams has an MA degree in German language and literature from the University of Tartu. He works as a researcher at the University of Tartu Library." @default.
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• W4385706118 date "2023-08-08" @default.
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• W4385706118 title "Texts from a carnivalesque time of change: four poems in Estonian Half-German" @default.
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