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• W4385793886 abstract "The present essay is composed of three main threads. The first is the story of the principles of thinking that the author adopted towards the practice of the academic humanities, as well as towards his conjectures on the subject of that practice. The story in question is included first of all in the Introduction that draws the picture of e.g. the history of development of the author's intellectual interests, as well as in the first part of the essay: Methodological Assumptions and the Field of Conjectures Connected with Them. The second and the third threads are devoted to the author's two particular conjectures. These conjectures are presented in the next part of the essay, entitled The Socio-Regulative Conception of Culture, and in its final part: The Theoretical History of Science. The general position towards which the author is heading, as far as he can see it, is termed by him cultural relativism <<with a small 'r' >>.That is what the title of the essay derives from. Obviously, the title makes use of H. Putnam's wellknown formulation of realism < <with a small 'r' > > by means of which the famous philosopher distinguishes between his internal realism and metaphysical (including scientistic) realism that represents realism <<with a capital 'R' >> . The author refers to Putnam's terminology to stress the analogy of the dispute between supporters and opponents of realism with a capital 'R' with the dispute between supporters and opponents of cultural relativism. What is at stake in both cases is a so far insoluble philosophical (metaphysical, if one prefers) dispute. The author interprets cultural relativism, that is to say, cultural relativism with a capital 'R' , as a belief in the impossibility of construing (at least) such a supercultural conceptual system from the perspective of which conceptual systems of all cultures (in practice: conceptual systems of all cultures from a definite but open class of them) would be translatable into one another. The view of opponents of relativism so seen states the possibility of construing (at least) the relevant superculture. The position that the author assumes and attempts to develop and that he terms cultural relativism with a small 'r' is located outside the dispute over cultural relativism with a capital 'R' .That is the position according to which different reconstructions of particular cultures (as well as the conceptual systems connected with them) can be comparatively evaluated from the point of view of the scope of the interpretive and predictive possibilities of those reconstructions. What is at stake is the possibility of interpretation and prediction of intentional actions that are regulated by the culture being reconstructed. These reconstructions, obviously, are performed within particular cultures. Minimal or null interpretive and predictive possibilities of all reconstructions of the culture A that come into play within the the culture B testify to untranslatability of (a conceptual system) of the culture A into the culture B. Cultural relativism with a small 'r' is based on the socio-regulative conception of culture. The conception is presented in the second part of the essay (entitled The Socio-Regulative Conception of Culture) within the framework of the author's conjecture that it is an implicit assumption of the interpretive practice of the academic humanities. The culture in a socio-regulative sense of a given community is composed of a set of pairs of beliefs of the following type: <a norm that shows an aim-value, a directive that shows an action sufficient to and/or necessary for the realization of that aim>; these beliefs are commonly followed in that community. The culture so understood consists of two spheres: instrumental and symbolic. They differ in the type of directives they include. The directives of symbolic culture may show effective actions only on condition that they are followed in the whole community (e.g. To greet somebody, one has to - under proper circumstances - take one's hat off), whereas the directives of instrumental culture do not exhibit that feature (e.g. To grow a plant one has to - under proper circumstances - secure access to sunlight and water for it). The third part of the essay (The Theoretical History of Science) presents a conjecture that the history of science (that emerges in the West in the 17th and 18th centuries) constitutes itself in the following context. Three meanings of the word science are distinguished here: science (1] is a set of epistemological and methodological norms and directives, that is, a certain domain of symbolic culture; science (2] is practice regulated by science [1]; science [3] is a result of science [2], that is, scientific knowledge. We interpret science [2] making use of a reconstruction of science (1], whereas we interpret science (3] making use of reconstructions of science (1] and science (2]. We also explain science (3] functionally, showing its function that consists in providing instrumentally effective technologies. That is the way we also - indirectly - explain science (2], and, finally, science (1 ]." @default.
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• W4385793886 date "1996-01-01" @default.
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• W4385793886 title "Towards Cultural Relativism With a Small 'R'" @default.
• W4385793886 doi "https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004457461_038" @default.
• W4385793886 hasPublicationYear "1996" @default.
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