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• W4385989464 abstract "Countries located in the tropics are among the most vulnerable to climate change and will be home to more than half of the world’s population by 2050. Many of these regions are already experiencing a variety of climate-change-induced stresses and in many cases lack the capacity to adjust, adapt, and survive. This Voices asks: how can we strengthen locally led capacity building to enhance tropical resilience for a sustainable future? Countries located in the tropics are among the most vulnerable to climate change and will be home to more than half of the world’s population by 2050. Many of these regions are already experiencing a variety of climate-change-induced stresses and in many cases lack the capacity to adjust, adapt, and survive. This Voices asks: how can we strengthen locally led capacity building to enhance tropical resilience for a sustainable future? Tropical regions face high risks from more frequently occurring extreme events, including sea-level rise, ecosystem disruptions, droughts, heat waves, and other climate-related disasters, such as emerging infectious diseases. Climate change and the associated hazardous events exacerbate socioeconomic vulnerabilities, including but not limited to inequality, child and maternal mortality, malnutrition, and limited access to resources. There are ten steps to consider in fostering local capacity building for climate resilience in tropical countries: (1) integrate climate risk assessment into land planning and leverage historical data to predict threats and vulnerabilities; (2) provide context-specific training for effective community preparation and response; (3) promote adaptive planning and governance with climate-resilient policies and empowered stakeholders; (4) facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration among communities, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, and the private sector; (5) emphasize nature-based solutions (e.g., mangrove restoration) to conserve and restore ecosystems for broader and enduring resilience and sustainability; (6) invest in advanced climate-resilient infrastructure and technologies (e.g., intelligent early warning systems); (7) incorporate gender-sensitive and -inclusive approaches into capacity-building efforts; (8) assist local access to climate finance and private-sector partnerships; (9) establish monitoring and evaluation frameworks to ensure desirable outcomes and conduct timely corrections when needed; and (10) encourage community-based adaptation through leadership training and consolidation. As the climate crisis escalates, tropical regions—home to over 40% of the world’s population and some of Earth’s most diverse ecosystems—are disproportionately at risk. Strengthening locally led capacity building is an empowering and sustainable approach to enhancing tropical resilience. Many communities in tropical regions face challenges related to poverty—approximately 85% of the world’s extreme poor live in the tropics and also encounter issues related to health and food security. Climate change is now an additional stressor. Resilience initiatives should address these interconnected issues by limiting trade-offs between poverty reduction and ecological degradation to offer immediate socio-environmental benefits and incentives for community involvement. Effective adaptation and resilience building hinge heavily on strong, responsive local institutions and governance structures. Instead of introducing new institutions—which can be costly, time consuming, and disruptive—building upon and reforming existing ones can lead to more effective and timely outcomes. When climate initiatives align with community well-being and shared values, resilience is naturally strengthened. For instance, mangrove restoration—a common strategy in tropical regions—will not only protect against storm surges but also support local economies through fishing and tourism under sustainability-driven local governance. Communities in tropical regions have a rich legacy of adapting to environmental changes. This wealth of local knowledge and practices is a powerful resource. By recognizing and supporting these capacities, we can foster crucial linkages between social systems and biophysical systems to empower communities to manage their resources sustainably and adapt effectively to climate change. Small, subsistence farmers are among the most vulnerable people in tropical areas. The impacts of rising temperature and variable rainfall are affecting the livelihoods of rural communities in developing tropical countries that are already in dire conditions of poverty and food insecurity. Increasing their resilience must be a priority for national and international organizations. Adaptation initiatives based on local practices and culture will have a better chance of being adopted and implemented. Farmers already have a wealth of information derived from Indigenous and local knowledge as a result of centuries of working their fields in variable climate conditions. But this knowledge now needs to be complemented with modern technologies to remain effective during times of extreme changes. Understanding and applying weather forecasts by local services is now imperative, but the information needs to be mediated for people with limited formal education to apply it. The use of climate tables (probability analysis of temperature and precipitation on a monthly basis), through which local leaders receive training on understanding weather forecasts and then share this information with their communities, has proven successful in Guatemala. Once the forecast information is obtained, the next step is to have the proper tools to react. Basic technologies such as water storage capacity and simple irrigation systems can go a long way in adapting to changing rainfall regimes. The use of drought-resistant varieties for local crops and transformation to agroforestry systems are also effective and highlight the role of culturally acceptable, cost-effective, and efficient nature-based solutions in adapting to a changing environment. Slum-dwelling urban poor people in Indonesia who reside on steep slopes, flood plains, coastal zones or close to hazardous waste are more vulnerable to climate change and the associated health challenges. More frequent extreme heat, flooding, storms, and rainfall due to global warming not only result in catastrophes (including damage to or destruction of dwellings and loss of livelihoods and essential services) but also increase the prevalence of malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, acute respiratory infections, and water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhea). These slum dwellers are often the most sensitive to these risks and suffer disproportionately when they manifest. Weak urban resilience reinforces the poverty trap that leads to less adaptation capacity and more vulnerabilities, such as starvation, illness, and fatalities. To address these health challenges, we must provide support to the urban poor and vulnerable populations through a variety of tailor-made and effective health policies and programs, such as those on environmental health, health promotion, education, water supply and sanitation, healthy housing, and disease surveillance, as well as by improving the nutritional status of the urban poor. The establishment of a unified health insurance implementation agency (BPJS Kesehatan) in 2014 is a good example: it has played a vital role in securing high-quality health services for all, especially the urban poor, by providing low-cost premium coverage for practically all diseases, which lowers the portion of out-of-pocket expenditure of the total health spending by half, from 49% to 25% in just 8 years. The resilient of the urban poor will rely on the extent to which risks encountered by lower-income citizens can be lessened. African agrarian communities, such as those in rural Cameroon, have always coped with changing environments by leveraging local knowledge and practices to adapt to adverse environmental shocks, such as agro-meteorological droughts, floods, and dry-season bush fires. However, traditional responses could be inadequate not only at present but also in the future given climate change uncertainties, which can lead to unsustainable responses in the longer term. Information exchange between farmers and weather scientists is thus vital, but existing gaps lead to less effective communication because the few meteorological services hardly make their information available for public purchase. Hence, the enhancement of Indigenous capacity is key to the empowerment of local communities and their effective participation in the sustainable development process in the era of global climate and environmental changes. Ethno-meteorological knowledge, for example, plays a significant role in smallholders’ ability to devise adaptation measures in remote communities: farmers make informed decisions on the cropping cycle in the face of rainfall scarcity and extreme temperature on the basis of plant and animal behavior, perceptions, consultation of local weather seers, community leaders, and the conditions of streams. Unlike utilizing Indigenous knowledge on its own, or discarding it completely, incorporating local knowledge and practices into climate change policies can lead to the development of effective adaptation strategies that are cost effective and sustainable. Indigenous knowledge provides suitable entry points for research and development to foster place-based effective capacity building. The operation of health infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and facilities used for diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases and illnesses, can be disrupted by the rising frequency of extreme climatic events (e.g., floods, cyclones, and storm surges) in Bangladesh. These extreme events are also increasing the prevalence and variety of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., dengue fever), not only imposing physical health burdens but also worsening mental-health conditions with symptoms such as depression and anxiety. Strengthening Bangladesh’s public-health resilience to lessen the acute health effects caused by climate change is essential. Bangladesh’s health system, however, faces severe challenges. Health service providers might lack the resources (e.g., employees, technologies, and finance) necessary to guarantee high-quality healthcare facilities and services. Additionally, there are no specialized services or divisions to provide health assistance to the communities that face the highest risks of climate change. Therefore, existing healthcare systems must be upgraded to overcome these issues. A climate-resilient healthcare system should include proper policies and must be developed through adequate funding and strong strategic planning that includes all stakeholders and multi-sectoral cooperation to ensure its practical implementation. Furthermore, equal access to healthcare facilities regardless of one’s location, race, ethnicity, age, gender, social class, or financial means is necessary. Coordinated efforts across the government, commercial sector, NGOs, and donor organizations are also crucial to enable climate-resilient healthcare systems for sustainable development in a warming Bangladesh. The degradation, pollution, and destruction of the natural environment contribute to exacerbated climate change, resulting in not only extensive heat waves but also a series of compounding natural hazards that make many tropical countries of the Global South uninhabitable. Small islands, such as Fiji, are particularly exposed to such challenges. The already scarce land can simply become unavailable as a result of cyclones or floods. When such hazards are light, residents can return to their properties after temporary replacement at evacuation centers. But people might be forced to face long-term or even permanent displacement when their houses are destroyed by extreme hazards. Residential security is essential. Even when people in informal settlements do not need to pay rent, many live in constant fear of being evicted. Here, resilience is closely connected to tenure security and to rights against being evicted. People living on small islands also need the capacity to adequately respond to the impacts of compounding hazards. Here, it is crucial to have resources. Resources refer to not only a generous bank account but also access to land, fishing grounds, and other assets. The quality of such resources is vital because it won’t help much, for example, when one has access to a fishing ground but no fish are available as a result of overfishing. Social resources should not be overlooked: they underpin inclusive capacity building, especially for vulnerable and marginalized populations, so that people can connect to others and receive aid from relatives, neighbors, NGOs, and the broader communities. Climate change risks are jeopardizing the progress of universal health coverage in low-income countries, such as those located in the tropics. Despite efforts to expand healthcare access via tax funding and social health insurance, many working in the informal sector remain unprotected from healthcare costs, and countries often face a heavy reliance on unpredictable international donor funding, which can result in debt, constraining domestic healthcare funding. Climate change exacerbates these issues. Climate hazards can damage vital healthcare infrastructure, raise costs, and increase the need for healthcare services, further burdening households economically. To combat these challenges, countries and the international community must prioritize health financing strategies that promote sustainability and resilience. Learning from COVID-19, we also need “shock-adaptive” health financing that can quickly respond to climate emergencies and ensure continued access to health services for affected communities. This could include agile public financial management systems, greater budgetary flexibility for emerging health needs, and the scaling up of financial protection schemes to cover vulnerable groups. As part of its commitment to adaptation and loss and damage funding, the international community must acknowledge its responsibility to support the costs of climate proofing health systems in low-income settings, as well as meeting the additional health-sector costs from climate change in these settings. Funding to support the consequences of climate change expost is not enough; we must also consider how financing can be leveraged for building health-system preparedness and resilience to future shocks. J.B., S.C.G.-D, and B.A. acknowledge the support of the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH), hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) J.B., S.C.G.-D, and B.A. undertook a paid consultancy for the PMNCH, hosted by the WHO, related to the content of this piece. However, the views presented in the article are those of the authors." @default.
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• W4385989464 title "Place-based capacity building to enhance resilience in tropical countries" @default.
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