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• W4386031460 abstract "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations asked the world in 2013: ‘What do we eat and how do we produce?’ Now, numerous explorations and prospects have offered one possible answer: insects could potentially become a food source for humans and livestock (including aquaculture and pets) in the future. This potential is due to its edible characteristics, high nutritional value, and low carbon footprint. Furthermore, certain insect species are considered as ideal carriers for biomass bioconversion of organic waste because of their saprophagous characteristics, ability to reduce pollution and waste recycling capabilities. Organic waste such as animal manure can be used as ‘feed’ to produce insect or insect-oriented biofertiliser, which makes the biotechnology of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion highly promising worldwide. The rapid population growth, economic development, and urbanisation, coupled with global climate change, extreme weather events, and supply chain issues, especially in low- and middle-income countries, necessitate significant changes in the way we produce food, feed, and manage enormous amounts of organic wastes.1 Nowadays, insects are receiving increased attention due to their potential to produce low-cost and resource-efficient human food and animal feed, while effectively managing organic waste in a clean, and low-carbon manner.2 Researchers worldwide are exploring ‘insect solutions’ to alleviate food crises; optimise waste managements; and even develop healthier agriculture. Recently, Science published two articles about insects used as human food and animal feed, focusing on solving the dilemma of global sustainable food sources.3, 4 More than 2000 species of insects have been identified as edible insects, including mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), house cricket (Acheta domesticus), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL). Insects are a rich source of protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and calories, and can be used as a valuable alternative food source or dietary supplement for humans. For example, house crickets are rich in essential amino acids and have a very high content of trace elements iron and zinc.5 Some insects are a high-quality source of many polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as ω-3 (linolenic acid) and ω-6 (linoleic acid) fatty acids.6 Additionally, Insects can supplement the current sources of animal feed and have the potential of replacing conventional animal feed. In addition to providing high-quality protein and other essential nutrients, insects also contain active ingredients such as chitin, antimicrobial peptides, and lauric acid that have beneficial effects on animal health and serve as a potential alternative to antibiotics.7 It is worth mentioning that among many insect species that can be used as animal feed, such as BSFL, housefly (Musca domestica) larvae and mealworm, BSFL is the preferred insect to replace animal feed because BSFL can be raised on a variety of organic wastes (such as food waste, animal manure) instead of biomass related to food (such as bran), and the conversion rate of insects can reach over 15%.4, 8 Insect food and feed are considered environmentally friendly. Compared with meat protein, insects have higher feed conversion ratio and produce lower greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Compared with plant protein, insects need less water and land space.9 Insect food is consumed by approximately 3000 ethnic groups in 120 countries, making it a widely available option.10 However, historical and cultural differences, unique textures and flavours, and concerns of food safety pose significant challenges to the consumption of insects, resulting in their low proportion in human diet. Previous studies suggest that addressing these obstacles may involve providing widespread information about the nutritional value and food safety of insects, integrating insects into food preparation or association with attractive flavours, publishing insect cookbooks and other initiatives.3 The application of insects for human food and animal feed currently faces several challenges and issues that must be addressed: (1) the need to automate production equipment to increase production efficiency and reduce labour costs, (2) a better understanding of the complex interactions between microorganisms in the insect intestine and substrate to improve the waste reduction ratio, (3) the optimisation of insect bioconversion techniques to ensure consistent and high-quality harvest, (4) the control of potential pathogen contamination to prevent human and animal diseases, and (5) the safety assessment of insects as food and feed. Soil is often referred to as the ‘skin’ of the earth, and is considered a precious and fragile resource. In China, there is an aphorism that states: ‘Everything is born in the soil, and without the soil there is no food’ (万物土中生、有土斯有粮). This proverb highlights the importance of soil as the ultimate source of food for humans, animals and crops, and serves as both the theoretical and operational basis for the Generalised Food Concept. As a result, the soil is highly valued. Unfortunately, the soil is also a primary site for waste disposal, which can have negative impacts on its health and function. The improper disaposal of wastes can cause significant damage to the soil ecosystem, making it fragile or even worse. Over the years, we have effectively achieved the organic unity of waste recycling and healthy soil through technological innovation and industry-university-research cooperation, taking the waste biomass vermicomposting (such as earthworm) and bioconversion (simply called as vermi-conversion) as a technique and health agriculture as an object served.9, 11-15 To treat the pollution of manure in large-scale farms, based on the mechanism of the combinative action of saprophagous insects and intestinal microorganisms, the collaborating research team innovatively designed the housefly larvae (HL) bioconversion and recycling technology of swine manure with a quantity of 5–100 tons/day. During the 3–5 days treatment period, the conversion rate of HL reached 10%–18%, and the reduction rate of swine manure reached 50%–75%. The protein content of the harvested HL (dry weight) was stable at about 60%, and its total amino acid content and essential amino acid content reached or were even higher than that of fish meal, making it an important protein source for the sustainable development of livestock and aquaculture industry.9 Additionally, the larvae frass was further fermented into organic bio-fertiliser (or called as vermicompost), which is ‘rich in organic matter–balanced in nutrients-abundant in microbial diversity’. The bio-fertiliser was able to not only reduce chemical fertilisers but also significantly promoted soil health and improved the quality of agricultural products. It is worth mentioning that with the innovation in the microbial agent, the new generation of HL bioconversion technology degraded more than 75% of the residual antibiotics in swine manure, and ‘inactivated’ 85% of the abundance of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in the manure by blocking the horizontal gene transfer mechanism.11 This innovative technology could effectively block the entry of residual antibiotics and their ARGs into the soil, providing effective technical support for the safety of agriculture (Figure 1). Earthworms are acclaimed as the ‘natural cultivator’! Through earthworm breeding technology and application, the research team has not only enhanced the ability of earthworms to degrade residual antibiotics in the soil but also promoted the effective ‘destruction’ of horizontal transfer elements (like ‘ferry’ across the river) by earthworm intestinal microorganisms.12 Moreover, soil earthworm breeding technology further inhibited the host microorganism of ARGs in situ, achieving ‘cleaning’ of the soil and supporting health agriculture (Figure 2). Using housefly larvae to realise ‘waste-to-resource’ and reduce residual antibiotics and antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manure. Using earthworm to inhibit the host microorganism of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil. In response to the increasing amount of domestic biodegradable waste (DBW, such as food waste, kitchen waste, fruit and vegetable waste), we have conducted in-depth studies on the conversion and degradation of DBW by BSFL through a coordinated process involving insects, microbes, and enzymes. Through the integration of modern biological system engineering technology and intelligent equipment, we have developed the intensive-intelligent-efficient BSFL bioconversion technology and engineering solutions.13-15 In combination with the needs for the treatment and recycling of DBW in China's towns and counties, we have also created new ‘clean, low-carbon, high-value’ black soldier fly farms with regional characteristics in Zhejiang and other provinces that cater to the needs of DBW treatment and recycling. These insect farms not only facilitate the ‘transformation’ of high value recycling of DBW treatment but also break down the technical barriers for renewable resource products to enter the food production system safely, healthily and sustainably (Figure 3). Waste black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion and value-added recycling agriculture. Despite the progress made in developing innovative technologies for biomass vermi-conversion, several challenges need to be addressed before its large-scale application. One significant issue is the current regulatory limitations that restrict the expansion and diversification of insect products raised on organic wastes in the food and feed sectors. To solve this problem, it is suggested to perform safety evaluations according to a series of national regulations and food safety standards for insect products. In the future, more research should be conducted on (1) chemical succession of the vermi-conversion substrate, (2) carbon footprint accounting during biomass vermi-conversion procession, and (3) interactions between the plant host and functional microbiome and active substances containing in organic bio-fertiliser. Therefore, it is crucial for scientists and industrialists worldwide to collaborate and promote the research and application of the insect industry. We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171466, 41673081) and Science and Technology Innovation Programs of ZheJiang Province (2021C03024) for funding this work. The authors declare no conflicts of interest." @default.
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• W4386031460 date "2023-08-21" @default.
• W4386031460 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W4386031460 title "Insects used as biomass vermi‐conversion carriers for health agriculture" @default.
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• W4386031460 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/moda.15" @default.
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