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• W4386042016 abstract "In 2018, Riccomi and Giuffra1Riccomi G Giuffra V First portrait of a syphilitic patient: Ulrich von Hutten.Am J Med. 2018; 131: 714-715Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar reported on the portrait of the German humanist, chevalier, and theologian Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523) suffering from syphilis. He can be regarded as the first European patient to be known to have suffered from that disease and to have written about his own illness. Von Hutten's description of his ailments proves so rich and clinically detailed that he is rightly considered the best-known post-Columbian syphilitic.1Riccomi G Giuffra V First portrait of a syphilitic patient: Ulrich von Hutten.Am J Med. 2018; 131: 714-715Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar Although the portrait by Holbein the Younger clearly depicts skin lesions suggestive for syphilis, not all historians agree on the identification of Portrait of a Young Man as a representation of Ulrich von Hutten in the year of his death. The portrait shows a young adult, and interpretative problems exist with the character's clothes. Other representations of Ulrich von Hutten, particularly on his deathbed (Figure2Wellcome Collection. Image: Ulrich von Hutten in bed, suffering from syphilis. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulrich_von_Hutten_in_in_bed,_suffering_from_syphilis._Wellcome_L0005341.jpg. Accessed February 9, 2023.Google Scholar), are considerably different. Hutten's disease, which is often referred to in French as Jeune Lépreux (the Young Leper),3Boeckl CM Images of Leprosy. Disease, Religion, and Politics in European Art. Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Mo2011: 200Google Scholar may have presented variably, although we acknowledge that leprosy was an umbrella term for many cutaneous conditions in the past. Finally, the osteological reference to the Hug 1971 study4Hug Erik Das Grab des Ulrich von Hutten.Bull la Société Fribourgeoise des Sci Nat. 1971; 60 ([in German]): 100Google Scholar appears problematic in the light of newly published anthropological information. In 1959, the Swiss anthropologist Erik Hug first found a skeleton on the island of Ufenau, Switzerland's largest island (Lake Zurich, now part of Canton of Schwyz), which, however, did not present osseous sequels of syphilis and finally had to be excluded to be Ulrich von Hutten. In a new search in 1968, a skeleton was found that corresponded to the known descriptions of Hutten, and a forensic superimposition of the portrait and the skull showed sufficient similarities. The skeleton showed exactly the syphilis lesions described by von Hutten. Therefore, Hug assumed that he had finally found the body of Ulrich von Hutten. Although a historical sensation and of great importance for medical research, the topic vanished quietly. The 2 skeletons were reburied in 1970 and, apart from a report in a local journal, the subject suddenly disappeared.4Hug Erik Das Grab des Ulrich von Hutten.Bull la Société Fribourgeoise des Sci Nat. 1971; 60 ([in German]): 100Google Scholar Recent examinations published by Goujon et al5Goujon AFC Turck R Janosa M Gantenbein UL Haeusler M Ulrich von Huttens Grab: Ist es wirklich Hutten?.in: Giesemann B Heimatkalender 2023. Naumann, Gelnhausen2023: 45-59Google Scholar on this skeleton, exhumed again in 2016, have shown that anthropologically and genetically (verified by 3 independent ancient DNA tests), this individual is clearly and unequivocally a female with a reconstructed stature of 154-155 cm (a little more than 5 feet), who died in her mid-thirties (anthropological age class: mature adult).5Goujon AFC Turck R Janosa M Gantenbein UL Haeusler M Ulrich von Huttens Grab: Ist es wirklich Hutten?.in: Giesemann B Heimatkalender 2023. Naumann, Gelnhausen2023: 45-59Google Scholar Radiocarbon dating, the authors report, is quite compatible with the times and life of Ulrich von Hutten.5Goujon AFC Turck R Janosa M Gantenbein UL Haeusler M Ulrich von Huttens Grab: Ist es wirklich Hutten?.in: Giesemann B Heimatkalender 2023. Naumann, Gelnhausen2023: 45-59Google Scholar These results do represent a major identification problem and leave 2 scenarios open. In the first one, scientists are faced with a female individual who happened to live and die in conditions and areas comparable with von Hutten's and showed a similar morphology of the syphilitic lesions. This would make a positive match between autobiographical and osteological sources, as mentioned by Riccomi and Giuffra,2Wellcome Collection. Image: Ulrich von Hutten in bed, suffering from syphilis. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulrich_von_Hutten_in_in_bed,_suffering_from_syphilis._Wellcome_L0005341.jpg. Accessed February 9, 2023.Google Scholar simply impossible. In the second scenario—obviously much more historically complex, controversial and ultimately difficult to prove—Ulrich von Hutten's maleness should rather be seen as the result of a phenomenon of wartime and crisis cross-dressing known during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Era.6Dekker R Van de Pol L Frauen in Männerkleidern. Weibliche Transvestiten Und Ihre Geschichte. Klaus Wagenbach Verlag, Berlin1990Google Scholar The most recent classic instance of such a social exchange of gender is that of Maria Teresinha Gomes (1933-2007), a woman who was uncovered by chance only after 20 years in the role of an off-duty male general in 1992. Should this be the case, Riccomi and Giuffra's1Riccomi G Giuffra V First portrait of a syphilitic patient: Ulrich von Hutten.Am J Med. 2018; 131: 714-715Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar global phenotypic description would still be correct, but a female von Hutten would inevitably open a massive historical and social debate. Either from an anthropological perspective or limiting any discussion to von Hutten's syphilitic condition, this famous historical patient's case remains open to interpretations and further studies. Two authors of this article (MEH and FMG) took part in the exhumation of the alleged remains of Ulrich von Hutten on November 8, 2016 on Ufenau island. However, they specify that currently they are no longer part of that project and are not involved with the team of authors and their institutions mentioned at reference 5 of this work." @default.
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• W4386042016 title "The Controversial Skeleton of Ulrich von Hutten: An Additional Note Pertaining to Syphilitic and Identification Matters" @default.
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