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- W4386276682 abstract "ß-Adrenergic agonists (ß-AA) have been studied since the 1980s for their potential application to increase muscle growth in livestock species. ß-AA consistently elicit hypertrophy of type IIX (fast-twitch, glycolytic) myofibers and may cause hypertrophy of type IIA (fast-twitch, aerobic) muscle fibers. Synthetic ß-AA are selective ligands to ß1-adrenergic receptors (ß1-AR) (ractopamine hydrochloride), ß2-AR (clenbuterol, zilpaterol hydrochloride), or ß3-AR (lubabegron fumarate). Lubabegron fumarate also is a ß1-AR and ß2-AR antagonist. Increased muscle mass upon treatment with ß-AA is caused by elevated myofibrillar protein synthesis and depressed protein degradation. Elevated protein synthesis is linked to the increased cAMP associated with ß-AA treatment, which in some manner activates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). It has not been established if activation of mTOR is responsible for the depression in protein degradation, or for the decrease in intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) seen with treatment with the more potent ß-AA (e.g., zilpaterol hydrochloride). At least a portion of the depression in marbling score caused by treatment with ß-AA can be ascribed to a dilution effect, i.e., the same amount of marbling spread over a greater longissimus cross-sectional area." @default.
- W4386276682 created "2023-08-31" @default.
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- W4386276682 date "2022-01-01" @default.
- W4386276682 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W4386276682 title "ß-adrenergic agonists and muscle growth" @default.
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- W4386276682 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85125-1.00134-4" @default.
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