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• W4386494304 abstract "This monograph examines the systematic subjugation of the Hijra community of colonial India by the North-Western Province (NWP) of British India. In particular, Hinchy discusses the etymology of Hijra, explaining the Northern Indian term to describe an assigned male-at-birth person who adopts a more feminine gender presentation, including wearing women's clothing, jewelry, and engaging in feminine grooming practices. Hinchy uses the term Hijra throughout her work and feminine pronouns for Hijra members, contending that these decisions align most with the authentic language customs of the community. This book investigates why the nonnormative gender presentation of the Hijra was considered counterproductive to colonial governing, and subsequently viewed as a threat to the colonial state.Hinchy uses colonial records to decern why anti-Hijra campaigns, sometimes referred to as the “eunuch problem,” were documented and persecuted by colonial officials. By analyzing local and regional documentation of anti-Hijra motions from colonists, Hinchy examines how interconnected gender and sexual norms were to shaping colonial culture in British India. Hinchy contends that the Hijra's gender expression, sexual behaviors, and intimate and familial relationships within their community represent significant questions concerning colonial governance in the Indian subcontinent.In her introduction, Hinchy declares this book as the first monograph to reconstruct the history of the Hijra community during this timeframe of 1850 to 1900. This section offers a thorough historiography of scholarship on the Hijra, including Laurence Preston's and Anjali Arondekar's respective works. Beyond this literature, Hinchy mentions the limited amount of research on how the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871 worked to marginalize the Hijra community of British India. More recent work on the Hijra has focused on contemporary Hijra communities, rather than examining Western and imperial influences upon Hijra colonial subjects.Hinchy's first chapter explores how the British associated the Hijra community with criminals, kidnappers, and sexually immoral individuals, which initiated the pejorative attitudes British officials held with the community. In the second chapter, Hinchy examines how the Hijra were often associated with impurity and argues that this was perceived as a threat to the colonial powers, effectively linking the Hijra's gender presentation to notions that the community would be arduous to govern. The third chapter analyzes how educated, middle-class Indian men also perceived the Hijra as sexually immoral, inherently deviant, and generally supported isolation or banishment of the Hijra community. Chapter four examines how the British enforced population control and anti-Hijra campaigns conducted in a manner unique to colonial India, which surpassed the criteria of political authority and progressed to physical and cultural erasure. Chapter 5 considers archival evidence and interpretations of the Hijra, providing a range of reports that criminalized the community to differing degrees. The sixth chapter expands upon Hinchy's reconstructed history of how individuals interpreted the Hijra by analyzing biographical information from colonial officials, which indicates that the Hijra were active in performance arts and not necessarily obligated to participate in sex work. Hinchy notes that this goes against the widespread argument of colonists that the Hijra's affinity for deviant and nonnormative sexual activities contributed to their immorality.Hinchy's final three chapters focus more on the exchanges between members of the Hijra community and the colonial officials they interacted with regularly. In the seventh chapter, Hinchy analyzes the difficulties in categorizing members of the Hijra community and how this categorization affected how colonial officials engaged with the Hijra. Chapter 8 explores the policing of the Hijra through records of their relations with colonists, predominantly through everyday interactions with those who were documented as Hijra or eunuchs. Hinchy's final chapter examines how the CTA of 1871 promoted the forced extinction, rather than reformation, of the Hijra. Instead of educating youth about the Hijra community, this act effectively prohibited children from interacting with any members of the Hijra, which Hinchy argues was ultimately an attempt to ostracize the community from colonial Indian life.Hinchy utilizes a compelling collection of source materials that offer varying portrayals and depictions of Hijra persons. These records include registers of eunuchs, which effectively prohibited the registered individuals from wearing women's clothing, presenting themselves in a feminine manner, and sometimes resulted in further prosecution. Hinchy forms a compelling argument that colonial officials perceived the nonnormative behavior of the Hijra and their supposed “perverseness” as being contradictory to an effective colonial ruling in India. It is understandable that Hinchy relies primarily on records from colonial officials; however, including more source materials from within the Hijra community would produce a more comprehensive study on how the Hijra were interrogated and scrutinized through the lens of colonial law.A range of scholars interested in studying gender and sexuality in colonial India would benefit from reading Hinchy's work. This monograph provides context as to how the changing culture of India as a colony called for the reassessment of gender and sexual norms, which affected numerous aspects of interpersonal and social life. Hinchy's book also provides an investigation into a subject in the legal proceedings of colonial India between 1850 and 1900, which shows how concepts surrounding gender and sexuality influenced various social institutions in the colony as well.Hinchy provides a convincing and captivating reconstruction of colonial attitudes toward the Hijra community, the means of categorization colonial officials underwent in documenting the Hijra, and the legal prosecution of individuals who participated in nonnormative gender presentation. Whereas other scrutinized communities under British rule often faced methods of forced assimilation, Hinchy details how the Hijra were viewed as a threat to colonial rule in British India and how this transcended into an attempt for total erasure of the Hijra community." @default.
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• W4386494304 date "2023-02-01" @default.
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• W4386494304 title "Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India: The Hijra, c. 1850–1900" @default.
• W4386494304 doi "https://doi.org/10.14321/qed.10.1.0236" @default.
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