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- W4386992723 abstract "As a much-anticipated clean thickener, viscoelastic surfactants (VESs) have drawn much attention in the development of foam fracturing fluids for unconventional oil and gas stimulation. Herein, the mechanism of foam stabilization by VESs and wormlike micelles (WLMs) under a high-salinity environment was investigated by evaluating three kinds of salt-tolerant VESs with different molecular structures through a series of experiments, including drainage tests, foam microscopic characteristic observations and interface rheology tests. The drainage test proved that the liquid film drainage was effectively inhibited under the proper salinity range for WLM construction. Based on microscopic observation, although WLMs are formed, gas diffusion inevitably occurs in each foam fluid as bubble size diversity exists, while the foam stabilized by VES-BC, the Gemini structure with steric hindrance on its spacer, exhibits comparably high uniformity of bubble size. Relying on the Gibbs criterion, this further proves that the foam stabilized by VES-BC resists gas diffusion better than the other two foams, as the critical shrinking speed of the VES-BC solution droplet to resist gas diffusion is lowest, which explains why the foam stabilized by VES-BC exhibits the best anti-coarsening capacity under static conditions. The oscillation droplet test proves that the VES-BC molecules and WLMs they construct impart the interface with the best resistance to external disturbance and deformation under the proper salinity range for WLM construction. Meanwhile, the interface shear modulus measurement indicates that the WLMs construed by VES-BC molecules and the interaction between WLMs and the VESs on the interface play crucial roles in anti-coalescence between bubbles. Under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, the VES-C and VES-BC foam fracturing fluids prepared by brines, with 80% foam quality, both exhibit excellent thickening and proppant carrying capacity, and the VES-BC foam fracturing fluid can withstand 140 °C to sustain a low settling rate of proppant, which potentially decreases the cost of cleaning fracturing fluid by displacing 80% of the fluid into N2 and causes little damage to unconventional reservoirs. All experiments prove that foam coarsening is the key factor causing foam decay regardless of whether WLMs exist, yet WLMs can efficiently inhibit the drainage of liquid film and resist bubble coalescence by interacting with the molecules on the interface." @default.
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- W4386992723 date "2023-11-01" @default.
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- W4386992723 title "Construction and mechanism study of clean N2 foam fracturing fluid stabilized by viscoelastic surfactant in concentrated brines for unconventional oil and gas" @default.
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- W4386992723 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123168" @default.
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