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• W4387108649 abstract "AbstractChina has in recent decades undergone profound changes and continues to do so— changes that are transforming the social fabric, motivating studies on how self-reported social status is changing in different parts of China. Applying a realist approach, the study emanates from theories on self-reported social status underlining the role of reference-groups, adding insights from the work of Pierre Bourdieu by introducing the terminology of habitus and types of capital. Furthermore, the study adds a spatial scale, thereby contributing to theoretical development. Hence the empirical study asked villagers to provide self-reported social status at village, county and national levels. The statistical analyses include objective and subjective conditions, representing economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital, as well as other factors. The results confirm the relevance of the reference-group theory, with self-reported social status decreasing from village to national level. Based on multivariate analyses, the study identifies two segments of habitus at the village level, one at the county level and one at the national level, facilitating high scores on self-reported social status. These habitus segments underline the importance of incorporating spatial scale as a theoretical dimension. In doing so, the study reveals that a habitus segment including cultural capital of farming competence is important at village and county levels but is replaced at the national level by a segment including the social capital of instruction sources related to farming and not wanting to move. Furthermore, a habitus segment revolving around the economic capital of jobs outside farming, younger generations, and wanting to move is active at the village level. In addition to revealing reference-group differences this habitus segment also indicates that large-scale, national transitional forces are at work, facilitating new drivers for self-reported social status locally.Keywords: self-reported social statusreference-group theoryperi-urban regionrural communitiesfarming Notes1 Andrew G. Walder, “The Relevance of China’s Transformation for Contemporary Sociology,” p. 10.2 Yunsong Chen and Mark Williams, “Subjective Social Status in Transitioning China: Trends and Determinants,” p. 407.3 Zhuang Jiachi, “A Review of Reference Group Theory.”4 Village was chosen because this is the daily life arena headed by an elected village leader, and, moreover, villages differ regarding type of agricultural production as well as in affluence. County was chosen because this represents a well-known geographical area, and it also comprises a county-level city and several towns. Expanding it to Tianjin municipality or Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area would have made the region comprise very high societal differences. The nation (China) represents an arena comprising the most advanced cities as well as rural villages.5 Morris Zelditch Jr., “Status, Social,” pp. 250-257.6 Ralph Linton, The Study of Man: An Introduction.7 Robert K. Merton, “Continuities in the Theory of Reference-groups and Social Structure,” pp. 281-286, 336, 339.8 Jonathan Kelley and M.D.R. Evans, “Class and Conflict in Six Western Countries,” pp. 157-178.9 M.D.R Evans and Jonathan Kelley, “Subjective Social Locations: Data from 21 Nations,” pp. 3-38.10 Kristina Lindemann and Ellu Saar, “Contextual Effects on Subjective Social Position: Evidence from European Countries,” pp. 3-23.11 Lin Nan, “Social Networks and Status Attainment,” pp. 467-487.12 Mark S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” pp. 1360-1380.13 Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice.14 Ibid.; Pierre Bourdieu, The Social Structures of the Economy.15 Bourdieu’s theory also comprises the element of “fields,” and habitus, capital, and fields together constitute particular practices. In this paper, we do not venture into any analysis of fields and practice.16 Daniel A. Bell, China’s New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society; Lee D. Rainey, Confucius & Confucianism: The Essentials.17 Daniel H. Kulp, Phenix Village, Kwangtung China; Fei Hsiao-Tung and Chihi Chang, Earthbound China: A Study of the Rural Economy of Yunnan.18 Wang Feng, Boundaries and Categories: Rising Inequality in Post-Socialist Urban China.19 Mobo C.F. Gao, Gao Village: A Portrait of Rural Life in Modern China.20 Li Huaiyin, Village China under Socialism and Reform: A Micro-History, 1948-2008.21 R. Bin Wong, “Social Stratification: The Legacy of the Late Imperial Past.”22 Pierre Bourdieu, Distinctions: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste.23 Yunsong Chen and Mark Williams, “Subjective Social Status in Transitioning China: Trends and Determinants,” p. 417.24 The dependent variable consists of scores on a six-level categorical scale for each of the three geographical areas of village, county, and national.25 Commonly, the threshold level for being relatively poor is set at 50 or 60 percent of the median. For instance, OECD has been using 50 percent, whereas WHO and countries in Europe have been using 60 percent. In this study 60 percent was chosen, partly to increase the number of cases in the three categories low-income, middle income, and high-income villages.26 Yunsong Chen and Mark Williams, “Subjective Social Status in Transitioning China: Trends and Determinants.”27 Yunsong Chen and Mark Williams, “Subjective Social Status in Transitioning China: Trends and Determinants.”28 Ibid.29 Ibid.30 Ibid.31 For example, Rob J.F. Burton, “Seeing through the ‘Good Farmer’s’ Eyes: Towards Developing an Understanding of the Social Symbolic Value of ‘Productivist’ Behaviour,” pp. 195-215; Geir I. Orderud and Rolf D Vogt, “Trans-disciplinarity Required in Understanding, Predicting and Dealing with Water Eutrophication,” pp. 404-415.32 Yunsong Chen and Mark Williams, “Subjective Social Status in Transitioning China: Trends and Determinants.”33 There were 10 instruction sources: other individual farmers; village committee; Ji County agencies; Tianjin municipality agencies; farmers’ associations; other professional organizations; supplier firms; publications; radio and tv; and the internet.34 Lin Nan, Social Networks and Status Attainment,” pp. 467-487.35 There were 11 actions: making field and home/village tidy; improving quality of products; improving health conditions of livestock; improving production techniques saving input of labor; increasing output; increasing price on products sold; introducing better storage of manure, without leakage; improving usage of manure and mineral fertilizers, making it more efficient; reducing usage of mineral fertilizers, reducing the usage of pesticides; and improving sanitation systems and handling of wastewater and waste.36 Yunsong Chen and Mark Williams, “Subjective Social Status in Transitioning China: Trends and Determinants.”37 Ibid." @default.
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• W4387108649 date "2023-07-03" @default.
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• W4387108649 title "Self-Reported Social Status among Rural Residents: A Case in the Outskirts of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region" @default.
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