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- W4387136997 abstract "Abstract Conservation of internal and mass-motion mechanical energy follows from equations of motion for N≫1 molecules. Internal energy U, unique to thermodynamics, is motional (random) plus positional (potential). All forms are interconvertible. A single hypothesis reduces N vector equations to one scalar equation and a few measurable parameters such as temperature and pressure. Rates of heating–cooling Q and working W are distinct macroscopic processes that can change U and are on an equal footing in the first law. Q is driven by differences in temperatures between a system and its surroundings; W from mechanics is a force acting through a distance in time. Thermodynamics evolved in the mid-nineteenth century, and its laws were annunciated in different forms using different terms by different investigators. Heat was once thought to have a material existence as an ethereal fluid (caloric). Although officially dead, the caloric theory is kept alive in textbooks." @default.
- W4387136997 created "2023-09-29" @default.
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- W4387136997 date "2023-05-01" @default.
- W4387136997 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W4387136997 title "Introduction" @default.
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- W4387136997 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872702.003.0001" @default.
- W4387136997 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
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