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• W4387207066 abstract "THREE-DIMENSIONAL (: 3D) printing is becoming ubiquitous in Radiation Therapy resulting in large amounts of plastic waste generated. We report on the feasibility, workflows, material properties and cost effectiveness of 3D print recycling to increase sustainability of 3D printing in clinics.Polylactic acid (PLA) prints were recycled using a consumer-grade recycling system consisting of i) plastic shredder to granulate used prints ii) heated extruder to melt material into filament iii) fan-cooled path for rapid cooling iv) spooling rig and v) pelletizer to cut filament into more regularized pellets as input material for step ii). The recovery percentage of material was characterized after each step by weighing inputs/outputs; timing and workloads were also recorded. Resulting recycled filaments were characterized in diameter and tensile strength and were compared between two different extruder nozzle configurations and with vs without pelletization to find an optimal recycling process. Recycled filament was finally used to create clinical items and evaluated. Lastly, a cost analysis over the past 1 year of recycling use was performed to determine the cost effectiveness of the recycling system.PLA prints were recycled with an overall efficiency of 79.3 ± 12.2% (standard deviation) between color batch runs. The best recycled filament quality was produced using the pelletization process and wider 3.25mm extruder nozzle. Relative to new filament, tensile strength testing showed recycled filament strength was 79% vs 70% (pelletized vs unpelletized) and 86% vs 60% (3.25mm vs 2.85mm nozzle). Extrusion and spooling procedures proved difficult to optimize, requiring lots of operator supervision (∼45 minutes per spool, mean 475g) and achieved a best filament diameter of 2.85 ± 0.09mm. A cost analysis shows that without accounting for operator time, it would require over 25 years to recoup the cost of the recycling system.Over the past 1-year, clinical 3D printing at our site consisted of 40 patient boluses and 25 electron cutouts, consuming about 6.5kg of PLA. Due to infection control concerns only 35% of this material was eligible for recycling, however 3.5 times that amount was collected from other printing activities. Recycling reduced new filament use by 56% ($470). Recycling workflows proved difficult to streamline and resulted in filament diameter that was marginally outside common industry standards and about 20% less strong but deemed adequate for clinical printing. Although the cost savings analysis indicates a poor return on investment, increasing the scale of the operation would be beneficial. To achieve this, we plan to recycle PLA boluses after disinfection and solicit other clinics in our hospital network and local 3D printing hobbyist community to recycle their prints." @default.
• W4387207066 created "2023-09-30" @default.
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• W4387207066 date "2023-10-01" @default.
• W4387207066 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W4387207066 title "Closing the Loop: Toward Sustainable 3D Print Recycling in the Clinic" @default.
• W4387207066 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2098" @default.
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