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• W4387211749 abstract "Epidemic source tracing is crucial in epidemiology. Historically, from the 1832 Paris and the 1854 London cholera epidemics to the recent Wuhan COVID-19 epidemic, source tracing followed the strategy of a post facto analysis of infections and mortalities. On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake ravaged Haiti resulting in a cholera epidemic causing 8646 deaths. Cholera being a water-borne disease, it became imperative to identify the source of contamination. Following the historical practice, an exhaustive analysis of the 8646 cholera deaths, lasting almost a year, was carried out. It identified an earthquake damaged sewage drain, emptying into the Artibonite River, the regional source of water, as the source of the Epidemic. An analysis of the damaged waterways, just after the earthquake, could have been carried out with the help of GIS (Geographic Information Systems including Satellite Data). This could have identified the contamination source before the outbreak of the Epidemic. GIS has become a sophisticated mature field, accessible to domain experts, e.g., ESRI, a private company (among others), specializes in GIS. In the 1970s, space technology confirmed its impact on public health by pointing out Ozone Layer depletion causing severe UV-related medical malignancies. This led to a worldwide restriction on CFC. Taking this as an example of space technology benefitting Disaster Medicine, in 2016, we proposed to investigate the possibility of detecting the damaged sewer drain by comparing before and after earthquake images, available from, open source, NASA/Landsat. If successful, the contamination source could have been detected before 8646 cholera deaths occurred. This involved Satellite Data File Acquisition, Image Extraction from Data Files, and Image Noise Management to identify relevant features. This required dedicated hardware/software environment generally available from proprietary commercial sources. Such a proprietary environment, however, does not allow a detailed examination or flexibility in the underlying processing and is not suitable for a research study. Accordingly, we restricted ourselves to open sources, e.g., NASA/GSFC/USGS. This allowed us to do an ab initio, first principles, Image Processing as outlined in this chapter. Both Landsat 5 & 7 images were available. An image taken after the earthquake was analyzed to test if the relevant waterways could be detected. This image, based on 1990s technology, did not offer adequate spatiospectral resolution to detect relevant waterways, e.g., the damaged sewer drain. In this case, 1990s Space Technology, due to its limitations, did not, thus, offer the expected benefit to Disaster Medicine by identifying the source of contamination before 8646 cholera deaths occurred. Since 1990s, Space Technology, however, has advanced considerably and the first principles’ image analysis, presented in this chapter, is superseded by high-resolution images now available from various sources. This chapter aims to explore the potential of space technologies, e.g., satellite imaging, GIS, etc. to offer potential benefits to Disaster Medicine. A brief discussion of the analysis done for this chapter and some of the emerging space technologies with potential relevance to Disaster Medicine will be presented." @default.
• W4387211749 created "2023-10-01" @default.
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• W4387211749 date "2023-01-01" @default.
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• W4387211749 title "Space Technology and Disaster Medicine NASA-/Landsat7-Based Retrospective Study of Haiti 2010 Cholera Epidemic" @default.
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• W4387211749 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8388-7_31" @default.
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