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• W4387266952 startingPage "132692" @default.
• W4387266952 abstract "Halogenated benzoquinones (HBQs) are frequently detected in tap water. HBQ levels are correlated with water age. As the water–transmission distance (water age) increases, the levels of bromo-benzoquinones (Br-BQs) decreased and those of chloro-benzoquinones (Cl-BQs) remained relatively stable in drinking water–distribution system in the presence of residual chlorine. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ) and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) were the most abundant Cl-BQ and Br-BQ, with maximum concentrations of 60.2 and 181.4 ng/L, respectively. TCBQ and DBBQ were chosen as representatives of HBQs to investigate their reactions with chlorine, including kinetics, pathways, and changes in toxicity. The hydrolysis and chlorination rates of HBQs were significantly pH-dependent, and the kinetic rates of DBBQ were faster than TCBQ in the pH range of 5–10. Chlorination converted highly toxic TCBQ and DBBQ to less-toxic chlorinated/brominated aliphatic disinfection by-products (DBPs), thereby reducing the overall toxicity of water bodies. This study provides comprehensive insights into the distinct life cycles of TCBQ and DBBQ in drinking water, covering formation, transformation, and toxicity. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of the risks posed by HBQs at various locations within the drinking water distribution system, offering valuable guidance for improving the control of DBPs in drinking water. Halogenated benzoquinones (HBQs) are frequently detected in tap water, raising significant health concerns due to their heightened toxicity compared to regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This manuscript aimed to comprehensively investigate the entire lifecycle of HBQs within the drinking water distribution system. Through an analysis encompassing hydrolysis kinetics, chlorination kinetics, formation and degradation pathways, and alterations in toxicity, we gained a more nuanced understanding of the risk posed by HBQs at various locations within the drinking water distribution system. Additionally, this investigation has provided valuable insights into the control of DBPs in drinking water." @default.
• W4387266952 created "2023-10-03" @default.
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• W4387266952 date "2024-01-01" @default.
• W4387266952 modified "2023-10-08" @default.
• W4387266952 title "Chloro- and bromo-benzoquinone formation and transformation mechanisms in a drinking water–distribution system" @default.
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• W4387266952 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132692" @default.
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