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- W4387304826 abstract "Learning processes and expectancy are proven to be mechanisms that underlie placebo hypoalgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia; however, much less is known about the role of affective traits and states in placebo effects. Even though the involvement of fear and anxiety in the formation of placebo effects has been confirmed in several studies, “fear” and “anxiety” are often used synonymously, resulting in mixed study results. We aimed to summarize the current state-of-the-art in studies and theoretical models on the role of fear and anxiety in placebo effects in pain, with a clear differentiation between these emotions. Fear and anxiety are often considered to be mediators of placebo effects, but less attention has been drawn to the impact of pre-treatment emotional states. We propose a model that combines knowledge from the emotional and pain paradigms with current research on placebo hypoalgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia. In order to study the development of placebo effects in pain, the model is the first attempt to integrate the role of fear and anxiety as traits, as well as pre-treatment and post-treatment states of fear and anxiety. In conclusion, we propose future research directions and clinical applications of the model." @default.
- W4387304826 created "2023-10-04" @default.
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- W4387304826 date "2023-10-02" @default.
- W4387304826 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
- W4387304826 title "As different as fear and anxiety: Introducing the Fear and Anxiety Model of Placebo Effects in Pain" @default.
- W4387304826 doi "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z4cra" @default.
- W4387304826 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
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