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• W4387444673 abstract "Introduction: The single leg heel raise (SLHR) test has been used for decades to quantify calf muscle strength-endurance in healthy and clinical populations, as well as elite athletes. Notwithstanding widespread clinical implementation, methods used to conduct the SLHR vary and patient performance is inconsistent. Practitioners may standardise test parameters as a clinical measure to obtain a more accurate representation of capacity. Standardisation is especially important when aiming to prevent conditions that could be associated with reduced strength-endurance, such as calf muscle strain injuries (CMSI). Despite this, data comparing the SLHR test in uncontrolled (USLHR) vs controlled (CSLHR) conditions in Australian Football players is absent from current evidence. The aims of this study were to: (1) Quantify USLHR and CSLHR strength-endurance, and, (2) explore the level of agreement (LOA) in the capacity (i.e., number of repetitions) and asymmetry (i.e., between-leg differences) during these tests. Methods: Seventy five female and male Western Australian Football League players were recruited. Calf muscle strength-endurance was measured using USLHR and CSLHR tests during two sessions ≥6 days apart. The CSLHR was metronome-paced (60 bpm) and involved specific cueing: (1) Keep the knee straight, (2) Align the middle of the ankle joint over the second toe, (3) Do not rock back and forth, (4) Full height must be reached each repetition. Following data collection, outcome distributions were explored to evaluate potential differences in: (1) capacity, and, (2) asymmetry during the CLSHR vs USLHR. Bland-Altman plots were generated to determine the LOA between tests. Results: Data from 100 legs in 51 players were included. Capacity in the SLHR tests were moderately correlated (r=0.49, p<0.001). Players performed on average an additional 12 repetitions during the USLHR (33.9±10.3 vs 21.9±5.3, p<0.001). Male players were stronger than female players during the USLHR (+6.5 repetitions, p=0.001), while First Nations players were significantly weaker during the CSLHR (t(15.5)=-3.8, p=0.002). Players completing calf muscle resistance training also had greater SLHR capacity in all conditions (p<0.05). Bland-Altman analysis revealed two main findings: (1) When comparing SLHR capacity, the scale of measurement within the USLHR and CSLHR tests are not equal, and, (2) When evaluating asymmetries, raw scores or percentage values are appropriate for comparison. Discussion: Our findings present novel normative strength-endurance data in female and male Australian Football players. The CSLHR data is also comparable to recent findings in New Zealand rugby athletes, which utilised a standardisation protocol that shares features with the current study. Together these findings may help guide clinicians when determining how to conduct the SLHR test, as well providing important benchmarking. Our findings are consistent with recent qualitative research the describes the importance of technical cueing, which may strengthen data collected by clinicians aiming to prevent or manage CMSI. Additionally, this study illustrated to benefit of completing calf muscle resistance training to SLHR capacity – endorsing the role of prescribing specific calf muscle loading for clinicians. Impact/Application to the field:•The uncontrolled SLHR test used in clinical practice does not provide the same data as the controlled calf raise test – clinical standardisation is warranted to best evaluate calf muscle capacity•Intrinsic patient characteristics may influence SLHR capacity and should be considered by clinicians when interpreting patient results•These normative data may guide clinicians aiming to prevent or rehabilitate CMSI in female and male Australian Football players by providing capacity and asymmetry benchmarks Declaration: My co-authors and I acknowledge that we have no conflict of interest of relevance to the submission of this abstract." @default.
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• W4387444673 date "2023-10-01" @default.
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• W4387444673 title "Calf muscle strength-endurance in female and male Western Australian Football players: Clinical standardisation during the Single Leg Heel Raise test matters" @default.
• W4387444673 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2023.08.058" @default.
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