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• W4387445235 abstract "Introduction: Despite the wide variation in the size and shape of humans and their feet, less is known about how our feet change shape with increasing size. The square-cube law states that if a bone grows isometrically, the surface area (SA) will grow at a slower rate than the volume (SA = volume^2/3), with either side of this termed allometry. Following isometric scaling, as bone and body mass increase in volume joint contact stress increases more rapidly (stress = force/SA). For example, someone with a talar dome joint surface area (JSA) of 18cm2 and body mass of 75kg will have an estimated pressure of 1.6MPa at heel strike, whereas someone with the same size JSA that weighs 90kg will have an estimated pressure of 1.9MPa, a 20% increase in relative pressure. The calcaneus and talus are the largest bones in the foot and form the sub-talar joint, which experiences high forces during locomotion. This study aimed to determine if the calcaneus, talus and the sub-talar JSAs scale isometrically or allometrically across individuals. Methods: 3D bone models of the talus and calcaneus were generated from computed tomography scans in 36 individuals (mass: 73.4 ± 13.9kg; 21M). A statistical shape model was computed, and two different analyses were completed: principal component (PC) analysis at an individual bone and combined joint level. Each PC is a quantitative measure of shape variation, with each individual bone, or joint in the sample given a PC score. Allometry was evaluated for each bone and JSA. To determine the relationship between size and shape, each PC was plotted against volume. Results: The calcaneus scales with negative allometry (SA grows slower than isometric scaling), while the talus scales isometrically. The calcaneus’ posterior facet, and talus’ talar-dome and sub-talar surface scales with positive allometry (SA grows faster than the isometric function). Meanwhile, the calcaneus’ anterior-medial facet scales with negative allometry. The first PC of calcaneus shape variation is associated with bone volume (larger tuberosity, lengthened cuboid facet, relatively taller as volume increases). The sub-talar joint second PC was linked to total joint volume (calcaneus variations similar to single bone, talus’ talar head wider as volume increases). Discussion: We are the first to show distinct patterns of shape and scaling variances at the sub-talar joint. Interestingly, at a bone level the calcaneus scales allometrically and appears to become more robust (cube-like) as it gets larger. Additionally, the JSAs on both bones (except the calcaneus’ anterior-medial facet) scale with positive allometry, potentially offsetting joint contact stresses as humans become larger. This may have important consequences for how we contend with increased body weight and joint pressures associated with size and the large muscular forces that are applied across the joints. Impact/Application to the field: Identifying how these bones and their JSAs change shape across the spectrum of size provides an insight into the links between shape and joint contact stresses. Additionally, understanding how these JSAs vary across individuals could help inform implant design for ankle joint replacements, where many implants are not individualised for each patient’s bone shape. Declaration: My co-authors and I acknowledge that we have no conflict of interest of relevance to the submission of this abstract." @default.
• W4387445235 created "2023-10-10" @default.
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• W4387445235 date "2023-10-01" @default.
• W4387445235 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W4387445235 title "The influence of hind-foot bone size and shape on the scaling of joint surface area" @default.
• W4387445235 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2023.08.002" @default.
• W4387445235 hasPublicationYear "2023" @default.
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