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• W4387476711 abstract "The concept of race has pervaded social policy and political discourse for 400 years. Race has become deeply rooted in our lives, institutions, and cultures such that the notion of race as a biological myth may seem unfathomable to most people. In fact, there is no biological basis to race. It is a purely social construct fabricated by 16th and 17th-century scientists and perpetuated thereafter. Tracing the waves of modern human migrations out of Africa and across the continents has firmly established a genetic basis for geographic ancestry over the past 30 years. Modern tools of molecular genetics coupled with statistical modeling of populations have established the genetic relatedness of humans across time and space. Dispersal of archaic and modern humans traced over 300,000 years and across continents provides an increasingly clear story of human genotypic and phenotypic variation. Statistical modeling of linkage disequilibrium, haplotypes, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-DNA from wide-ranging geographic ancestries has failed to yield any consistent association with race. Indeed, genetic differences between populations from within a particular race (e.g. Black) are often far more pronounced than between races (Black vs. White). Furthermore, a broader definition of race that extends from phenotypic likeness to geographic proximity or continental boundaries also lacks credence (e.g. Pygmies in Africa vis-a-vis Andaman Island tribes in southeast Asia) are phenotypically indistinguishable but dramatically different genetically. Indeed, the concept of race arose in the crucible of the transatlantic slave trade when European colonial expansion was motivated by amassing power and wealth. This colonial zeal crept into scientific thought to confer a veneer of credibility to race doctrine, such as 19th-century scientist Carl Linaeus who created a taxonomy of four races, each attributed with a specific medical temperament. Francis Galton, a pioneer in biostatistics and psychometrics, advocated eugenics and perpetrated scientific racism. Modern genetics has established that the biological basis of most phenotypic traits typically associated with race, such as skin color and hair texture, has demonstrated that they transcend ancestry across vast geographic distances spanning continents. The fabrication of the race construct and ensuing race policies have created vast disparities in wealth, education, social status, and health, only to perpetuate racial stereotypes. Further evidence that race is a social construct is apparent in its changing definitions based on geography (US, Brazil, South Africa, and Australia) and history (1860s, 1920s, 1990s in the US). However, purported race differences are entirely man-made, and lack biological, physiological, or genetic underpinnings. An informed and enlightened medical health delivery system will require a keen awareness of the intersectionality of race as a social construct and genetic similarity associated with geographic ancestry." @default.
• W4387476711 created "2023-10-11" @default.
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• W4387476711 date "2023-10-01" @default.
• W4387476711 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W4387476711 title "WHAT IS THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RACE - IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS" @default.
• W4387476711 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.08.095" @default.
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