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• W44004875 abstract "Severely mentally retarded persons are characteristically inactive or often active in purposeless ways. The aim of the present study was to investigate auditory and visual stimulation as potential reinforcers for six retarded adults on a stationary bicycle ergometer, a task which can promote cardiorespiratory fitness. Auditory stimulation consisted of popular music while visual stimulation was flood lights and blinking Christmas tree lights. A modified multiple baseline across subjects design was employed. All subjects pedalled for a number of sessions without receiving auditory or visual reinforcement, thus constituting baseline performance. Then, three subjects received visual stimulation followed in subsequent sessions by simultaneous audio-visual stimulation while three other subjects received auditory stimulation alone prior to simultaneous audio-visual stimulation. While all six increased their work output over the 35, 18 minute sessions, it was concluded that the reinforcement contingencies were influential in only four of the subjects. It was speculated that auditory stimulation may be a more potent motivator than visual stimulation. Mentally retarded persons have been the fo cus of considerable physical activity and lei sure research, although most investigators have used mildly or moderately retarded sub jects. While persons with severe retardation constitute only four percent of the mentally handicapped population, legislation (e.g., P.L. 94-142), least restrictive models and the phi losophy of normalization have highlighted the need for recreation and physical activity pro grams designed for these previously unserved people. If left to themselves, those who are severely retarded do not generally engage in purposeful activity or play; rather, their be haviours are repetitive and stereotypic or they remain essentially inactive (Grosse, 1981). To counteract their tendency for nonpur poseful activity, leisure education has been stressed by psychologists, special educators and recreation authorities (Baumeister, 1981; Brown et al., 1979; Hawkins & Hawkins, 1981; Mansell, Felce, de Kock, & Jenkins, 1982; Thomas, Phemister, & Richardson, 1981; Wehman, 1977, 1978). While physical activity and recreation teaching suggestions and program ideas are available for these in dividuals (e.g., Auxter, 1971; Grosse, 1981; Sherrill, 1981) there is a need for data-based research to justify and extend the curriculum proposals. Some limited research has occurred in the physical activity domain. Positive changes with severely retarded subjects have been reported for walking (Macauley 8c MacMillan, 1965), stationary cycling (Peterson & Mcintosh, 1973) and five of the eight items on the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Mo tor-Proficiency (Broadhead, 1981). While physical exercise has been recog nized as a necessity to counteract the ex tremely sedentary lifestyles of severely re tarded persons (Baumeister, 1981; Grosse, 1981; Sherrill, 1981) there is a paucity of data to indicate the means and extent to which in creases in physical exercise can be realized (Moon & Renzaglia, 1982). Contemporary work in the area of fitness and mental retar dation has focused on cardiorespiratory func tioning (Beasley, 1982; Halle, Silverman & Regan, 1983; Reid & Montgomery, 1984) but has generally included only moderately and mildly retarded subjects. Cardiorespiratory fitness is the prime component which allows individuals to engage in continuous motor ac 1 The authors wish to express their thanks to Drs. Jacques Dallaire and David Montgomery for their valuable suggestions throughout the experiment. In addition, the authors wish to acknowledge Jean Franyois Saucier, President of the Comite de Re cherche de l'Hopital Riviere des Prairies and mem bers of the Comite for their technical and financial aid. Finally the assistance of Mrs. Lynn Gregoire and Mr. Andre Paquet is appreciatively noted. 296 / Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded-December 1985 This content downloaded from 40.77.167.14 on Wed, 15 Jun 2016 06:45:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms tivities such as walking, jogging, running, swimming and cycling. Stainback, Stainback, Wehman and Spangiers (1983) have studied the acquisition of specific fitness exercises with profoundly retarded adults but have not ex plored cardiorespiratory improvement. Car diorespiratory fitness is important since cor onary heart disease is the number one cause of all deaths in North America and cardio vascular fitness can modify a number of the risk factors associated with heart disease (Montgomery, 1980). Since improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness necessitates contin uous physical exertion it is incumbant upon practitioners and researchers to devise means which promote this form of exercise with se verely retarded persons. Bauer's (1981) article contains many practical suggestions but lacks controlled research to support the activities presented. Sechrest (1968) observed that behavioural psychology had been used extensively with humans but that, nearly all of the human responses shown to be controllable,. . . , have been responses requiring a low level of energy expenditure. It remains to be seen whether responses re quiring a high energy expenditure, i.e. work, are equally responsive to simple re inforcement systems (p. 311). Sechrest investigated the influence of visual stimulation, candy and trinkets as reinforcers for retarded youngsters on a stationary ex ercycle, a mode of exercise designed to tax the cardiorespiratory system. The eight sub jects attended a private school for mentally handicapped children and lived at home. The number of pedal turns were compared when the reinforcers were available or when they were out. Sechrest concluded that the rein forcers were effective in promoting an exer cise pattern for the subjects. Anecdotally, it was postulated that the visual stimulation of pictures (via slides) resulted in more interest in the cycle than the candy or trinkets. While Sechrest (1968) used visual stimu lation as a reinforcer on a continuous cardio respiratory motor task, auditory stimulation, usually in the form of music, has been fre quently employed with success to increase the performance of mentally retarded persons on a variety of discrete motor tasks (Bellamy & Sontag, 1973; Booth & Dunbar, 1977; Cotter, 1971; Dorow, 1975; Harrison, Lecrone, Temerlin & Trousdale, 1966; Holloway, 1980; Podvin, 1967; Richman, 1976). It re mained to be seen if auditory stimulation was an effective motivator with a continuous mo tor task. Thus the purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of visual and auditory stimulation as potential rein forcers of severely retarded adults on their work output on a continuous motor task which is designed to promote cardiorespira tory fitness. The long range plan in a series of investigations is to develop strategies of a cost efficient nature which encourage the se verely retarded adults to engage in physical exercise of a cardiorespiratory nature so that the benefits health professionals typically as cribe to increased cardiorespiratory function can be achieved by these usually inactive in dividuals. Cost-benefit questions are now being posed with severely and profoundly re tarded individuals. Our goal is to develop means of inducing the severely retarded per sons to exercise but via techniques which do not necessitate a highly trained professional on a one-to-one teacher-participant ratio. The focus of the current research was not on changes in fitness per se but rather on the efficacy of reinforcement on sustaining activ ity on a stationary bicycle ergometer.2" @default.
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• W44004875 title "Increasing the Work Output of Severely Retarded Adults on a Bicycle Ergometer." @default.
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