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• W4509585 abstract "ABSTRACT The localization of auditory images and their size forms the bulk of the research literature in spatial auditory perception using binaural technology. Nevertheless, binaural technology conveys many other spatial characteristic s of sound environments, and the present paper is concerned with one of these: auditory room size perception. This paper reviews the potential cues to room size perception conveyed through simple binaural technology. Statistical room acoustics is shown to provide indications of room size through energy relations between direct sound, early reflections and late reflections. However, binaural hearing could be important in distinguishing the concept of room size from source distance. These theoretical notions are considered in relation to experimental findings on room size perception using simple binaural technology. [Keywords: Spatial hearing, Binaural technology] 1. INTRODUCTION Binaural auditory displays can provide rich spatial information to a listener by reproducing at the listener’s ears the sound that would occur in the represented e nvironment. While the sense of a room size conveyed through binaural reproduction has received relatively little attention in the research literature, it has some potential to be used in spatial auditory display. For example, an auditory display could conceivabl y be designed to independently control the apparent source azimuth angle, source distance and room size if factors that influence these percepts are understood sufficiently. Room size, as an a uditory display parameter, might need to be treated differently to azimuth and distance, because real rooms tend to be fixed in size, and a person must move to another room to experience a room of another size. Hence it is conceivable that room size could be used as a parameter that sets a context for other parameters that can change more rapidly (such as distance and azimuth, or indeed non-spatial auditory parameters). This paper introduces important parts of the acoustic theory that underlies auditory room size perception, and compares the theoretical principles with results from subjective tests. Because simple binaural technology provides a convenient platform for spatial auditory display, this paper considers auditory room size perception in that context – both in terms of the capacity of simple binaural technology to reproduce likely auditory cues, and in terms of subjective experimental data on auditory room size using this technology. 2. SIMPLE BINAURAL TECHNOLOGY The ‘simple binaural technology’ that is considered in the present paper tends to fall short of the ideal of virtual reality, but still provides an impression of a space that maintains some realism. It is simple in the sens e that an interactive head-tracking system is not used and generic (rather than individual) head-related transfer functions (hrtf) are used. The advantage of this simple approach is that it is quite easy and inexpensive to implement, and so is in much wider use than more accurate binaural systems. Recordings for simple binaural reproduction can be made using a dummy head with microphones in its ears, or using a computer program that models the sound of an acoustic environment at a pair of virtual ears. In practice recordings are often made by convolving an anechoic source recording with binaural impulse responses (either measured or modeled). Many of the principles of binaural technology are discussed by Moller [1]. Even if binaural technology is ‘simple’, there are some techniques that can be helpful in improving realism. One is to ensure that the reproduction system’s response is neutralized through inverse-filtering the transfer function from the system to the ears. In practice this is ofte n done by inverting the measured transfer function (after smoothing) from the system to a dummy head in the listener’s position, and can be thought of as avoiding the spectral effect of sound traveling twice through the pinnae (once in the original recording, and again in the reproduction). Another is to reproduce sound with calibrated gain, so that the listener’s ears receive the same sound pressure level as they would have in the represented e nvironment. To do this requires knowledge of the original soundfield’s sound pressure level, or of the sound source’s sound power level. Well known spatial distortions in simple binaural reproduction systems include head-l ocking of the soundfield (the soundfield moves with the listener’s head, removing dynamic localization cues and reducing the ability to externalize the auditory scene) and vague and inaccurate localization. The most important localization distortion is the rotation of auditory images around the ‘cones of confusion’. A cone of confusion occurs at a fixed angle around the interaural axis, and is characterized by approximately constant binaural difference cues (and so the auditory system relies on spectral cues to resolve the image direction around the cone). Front-back confusion is a common instance of cone of confus ion error, and simple binaural ICAD-2" @default.
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• W4509585 title "Control of Perceived Room Size Using Simple Binaural Technology" @default.
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