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- W45922421 abstract "During manufacturing, stainless steels will experience high temperatures at many steps:continuous casting, rolling and annealing. After continuous casting, it is usual for the ascastmetal to cool to ambient temperatures. In order to achieve successful hot forming, the metalmust then be reheated to a suitable temperature. This process is called reheat, and commonlytakes place in large, propane-fired walking beam furnaces at temperatures in excess of 1200°Cfor times of 2 or more hours. During a thick oxide scale will form which, if left in placeduring cold working, may cause damage to the surface of the final cold rolled product. As aresult, manufacturers generally apply a mechanical descaling procedure immediately prior torolling.In order to study the effect of reheat conditions on the oxide scale formation, austenitic grades(Types 316L and 304) and duplex grades (Types S32101 and S32205) were oxidised. Thetemperatures used ranged from 700°C through to 1300°C for times up to, and including, 5 hours.The results of the heat treatments were investigated using a range of analytical techniquesincluding: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and sitespecific cross-section preparation using focused ion beam for both SEM investigation andtransmission electron microscopy analysis. The use of these techniques has provided a thoroughdescription of oxides that are expected to form at a variety of temperatures and conditions.On austenitic grades a number of sub-surface oxide structures form, such as dendritic internaloxide particles and sub-surface oxide layering, which may pose great challenges to themechanical descaling processes. External oxidation has not been neglected in this study andcomplex chemical and phase distributions within external oxide scales have been characterised.The presence of an as-cast oxide scale during reheat does not have a substantial effect on thereheat oxide formed, however, the as-cast microstructure may contribute to the formation of subsurfaceoxide banding.Duplex stainless steels produce oxides which are highly dependant on the phase distribution andsurface finish of the substrate. Large scale oxide nodules have been found to form only on theaustenite with an apparently protective thinner oxide present on the ferrite. The formation ofthese nodules has been studied from the initial stages of oxidation by the use of environmentalSEM and site-specific preparation of important features to reveal that nodules form where thethin, protective chromium rich layer chemically fails during oxidation enabling local breakawayregions to form." @default.
- W45922421 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W45922421 date "2008-01-01" @default.
- W45922421 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W45922421 title "Oxidation of austenitic and duplex stainless steels during primary processing" @default.
- W45922421 hasPublicationYear "2008" @default.
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