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- W47096378 abstract "Introduction This paper will examine four areas of Sub-Sahara Africa that have experienced war, genocide and crimes against humanity that emerged towards the end of the twentieth century and have transitioned into the twenty-first century. It is imperative to state that similar atrocities have occurred on all continents throughout modern time and include but are not limited to the genocide of Native Americans in the United States during the nineteenth century; Armenian in the early 20th century; Bangladesh and the Killing Fields of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970's; and the Balkan ethnic cleansing in Kosovo in the 1990's. However, this analysis will focus on four regions of the African continent and will include Darfur in eastern Africa, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the southern Great Lakes region and Sierra Leone on the West African Coast. Since 1990 in Sub-Sahara Africa, fifteen countries have experienced major conflict; 16 million have been displaced and as many as 5.4 million people have died directly from the conflict and/or the related impact of illness, malnutrition and the disruption of basic survival needs. (1) Scholars are now referring to it as the Africa's World War. (2) The purpose and overall goal of the paper is threefold. First, it is to encourage us not to think of genocide and other crimes against humanity as solely historical event such as the Holocaust, but rather a persistent reality that requires constant vigilance and action as it transitions from our past into the current affairs of the 21st Century. Secondly, that as part of genocidal denial, we frequently forget that the burden of these atrocities is disproportionally placed on children. Finally, as professionals and concerned citizens, we must be aware, informed, and active in a global effort to halt the killing of innocent children and to help heal the scars for those children and youth who have been ravaged by its effects. International Efforts to Protect Children's Rights & Define Genocide The Holocaust was paramount in terms of its horrific magnitude. There are always concerns that comparisons to other episodes of mass killing may draw attention away from those who died during Hitler's Final Solution. It is inconceivable that his attempt to exterminate the European Jewry led to the death of almost 6 million persons with 1.5 million being children. However, genocide and crimes against humanity remain one of the most prevalent forms of preventable mortality and morbidity for children today. Therefore, it is important to examine subsequent episodes of genocide and the resultant mass killing and injuring of children while always acknowledging the sentinel place we must hold for those who perished during the Holocaust. In addition, it is imperative to examine the emergence of international laws that arose from the Holocaust and the gradual recognition that children have their own set of inalienable rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights The impact of genocide took on world recognition following the defeat of Germany in 1945 and the Nuremberg Trials that followed. The newly formed United Nations in 1948 formulated and passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) that provided a broad framework for the assurance of basic human rights. The preamble states that, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world ... The Declaration then goes on to specify thirty articles delineating what these rights entail. There are two that are of particular relevance to this discussion. An article 3 proclaims, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. In addition, Article 5 states that, No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. (3) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights & Convention on the Rights of the Child The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) established the universally accepted framework for human rights but left significant gaps regarding the specific rights of children. …" @default.
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- W47096378 date "2009-03-22" @default.
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- W47096378 title "Children of Genocide in the 21st Century: Four Case Studies of Sub-Sahara Africa" @default.
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