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• W47885853 abstract "Abstract The ISO analysis has shown that variability and uncertainty of predicting renewable production do pose some operational challenges. The output from renewable production can increase and drop-off dramatically by hundreds of megawatts in just a matter of 30 min, which would require more flexible resources into the ISO's generation mix. This need is compounded as California policy on once-through-cooling resources may result in the shutting-down of approximately 12,000 MW of conventional resources over the next 7 years. Managing a more complex grid during this transitional period, ensuring the right mix of resource are available in real-time to maintain reliability and meeting mandatory control performance standards become more of a challenge. As a result of this fleet evolution, there are real opportunities to design the fleet make up and incentivize new capability from a broad range of source including (1) demand response, (2) the variable resources themselves, (3) regional coordination, (4) storage and (5) hydro, in addition to the conventional resources to optimize meeting the policy objectives while ensuring basic grid reliability is maintained. On some days during the spring months, the ISO's net-load is expected to drop to levels that encroach on non-dispatchable production levels when solar and wind production is high and system demand is low. Thus, in the middle of the day when the sun is shining there would be less need for additional supply resources. As time progresses to the evening hours towards sunset, there is an immediate need to replace the solar generation in addition to meeting increase in consumer demand. A complicating factor is that many of the conventional resources that could replace the solar generation must start prior to this significant ramp. These resources often require several hours to a day or more to fully come on line, which can cause more generation to be on line than consumer demand causing over generation conditions. Under existing arrangement solar (and wind) resources have limited provisions to be curtailed. Therefore as most conventional generators require this “start-up” time to reach their minimum load levels, at times the minimum energy on conventional resources may not be needed but the units cannot be shut down because the resources are needed later on during the day. There is little that a grid operator can do to accommodate this excess generation condition as supply and demand must match instantaneously. As over generation condition increase there would be a need to increase regional coordination by forming an Energy Imbalance Market to help mitigate the potential for over-generation conditions. Other solutions such as advanced demand response and storage may also be innovative solutions in the future to help balance the system during range of expected daily imbalance conditions. In addition, incentivizing the renewable resources to be flexible themselves may also be part of the solution. To reliably operate the system, the ISO is advocating for resource flexibility that can start up and provide its maximum energy quickly. An additional condition requiring flexible resources is the intra-hour variability of passing clouds or storm conditions that can interrupt the output of the wind and solar generation resources. Another operational condition that must be met in real-time is the need to ensure sufficient inertia and frequency response exists in the system. Today, conventional resources because of their rotating mass and ability to respond to changes in frequency provide a reliable shock absorber to disturbance events. As such resources are displaced by renewable resources, it will be important to ensure the system is able to respond to dynamic events in a stable manner. Again in this area, opportunities exist that would allow renewable resources to be part of the solution. There are also opportunities to make wider use of demand response and smart technologies to provide this primary frequency response capability." @default.
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• W47885853 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W47885853 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W47885853 title "Case Study–Renewable Integration" @default.
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• W47885853 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407910-6.00006-5" @default.
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