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• W49271917 abstract "During the war against revolutionary France, in order to carryout the ambitious policy of Henry Dundas, Secretary of State for War,the King's forces were conveyed to the far distant East and West Indies,to the Continent, the Mediterranean and Egypt and to the Cape of Good Hope.For the first eighteen months the war was conducted in a sluggishand haphazard manner resulting in failure on the Continent and in aninefficient transport service. The disorganization of the Navy Officeand abuses in the Royal dockyards, defects in the transport system whichhad been revealed by a commission of naval enquiry appointed in 1785,still existed. It became increasingly difficult to hire, inspect andfit out enough ships to be used as transports. By July 1794 the lack ofsuccess of the Continental campaigns and the realization that war wouldcontinue caused the ministry to make important changes in the governmentand in the transport system. The business of hiring vessels to be usedas troopships, victuallers, and ordnance vessels was now centered in aTransport Board and the competition in the engagement of shipping thatbefore existed between the Navy, Victualling and Ordnance offices waseliminated. A board set up to deal specifically with transport affairswas able to give undivided attention to them. Thus a more organizedand efficiently run transport service was inaugurated.Since the war against France was conducted through a series ofcampaigns and expeditions the Transport Board did not have to maintain alarge army overseas for an extended period of time. However, it carriedout some of the greatest troop movements of the eighteenth century,particularly the Abercromby-Christian expedition of November 1795 which involved the conveyance of 27,000 men, their equipment, provisions andordnance to the West Indies, and the expedition to North Holland in 1799which involved the transportation of 46,000 men from England and the Baltic.The progress of the transport service in getting the expeditions out to sea,especially those going to the West Indies, was often impeded by the slownessof other departments, particularly the Ordnance, in preparing for themilitary enterprise and by the natural foibles of storms and contrary winds.Throughout the war the Transport Board also had to cope with adangerous shipping shortage, due to a vast increase in every branch oftrade. This was a time of unprecedented commercial prosperity when itbecame more advantageous for the merchant to put his ship to a trade thanto let it to the government. Hiring space on merchant vessels thattraded regularly between Britain and the areas where the army was beingsent was one method the Transport Board employed in an attempt to meetits tonnage requirements. Many troops and almost all officers were sentto the West Indies in this manner and a great part of the provisions sentto the British army overseas were conveyed in victuallers hired on freight.The Transport Board chartered eighty ships at Hamburg in order to satisfyits shipping needs in 1795. However, this venture proved a great andcostly disappointment. More beneficial was the Board's practice ofkeeping the freight rate offered by the government to the owners ofmerchant vessels consistent with the high cost of provisions and storesand increased wages. The freight rate was increased by over sevenshillings per ton or by two thirds over an eight-year period. Previously,it had remained almost static throughout the eighteenth century. By thesewise and practical methods the Transport Board was able to meet the logisticalrequirements of Dundas' ambitious policy throughout the war." @default.
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• W49271917 date "1968-01-01" @default.
• W49271917 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W49271917 title "The administration of the transport service during the war against revolutionary France, 1793-1802" @default.
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