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• W50663251 abstract "For communities of African descent in the Americas, one of the most problematic issues confronting our existence is el olvido, the condition of being forgotten, forgetting, or falling into oblivion. Ramon Valdes observing conditions in Panama describes this occurrence as in the form of a baka, a supernatural force that erases history and memory. He states, Uno de los baka frecuentemente utilizados contra nuestros pueblos es la amnesia colectiva. El olvido de la historia popular que un sistema de opresion ancestral y cotidiano ejerce, intentando borrar las experiencias de las gentes, aprendidas y ensenadas al calor de la vida (qtd. in Ruiz 77). Turning this critical gaze from Panama to its Central American neighbor, Costa Rica, we see that one of the most difficult challenges faced by Black writers is the threat of being forced into invisibility and erasure by the pressure to forget the past. As a condition of belonging to the nation, the Eurocentric national discourse of Costa Rica encourages desires that her Black citizens of West Indian descent embrace the Hispanic culture of their native land and forget their difference. This national discourse denies the contributions of African slaves and their descendants during the colonial period and regards the contemporary presence of Afro-Caribbean cultural practices as an exotic element. In light of such circumstances, the act of recalling memories, either individual or collective, for members of a marginalized group defies el olvido. Black writers have contributed a necessary voice to the national literature of Costa Rica to create their own representations. Afra-Costa Rican writers in particular have excelled at the production of poetry and have given a much needed perspective in gender, cultural, ethnic, and national identity. The most recent Afra-Costa Rican poet to add her voice is Delia McDonald Woolery. Born in Colon, Panama in 1965, McDonald was raised in Costa Rica. She has made a recent impact on the Costa Rican literary scene through her public readings and leadership in poetry workshops. In her three collections of poetry, El septimo circula del obelisco (1994), Sangre de madera (1995), and La lluvia es una piel (1999), memory and the act of remembering present difficult and powerful autobiographic moments of an individual past, as well as the collective past of people of West Indian descent in Central America. When memory is invoked in McDonald's poetry, it is the site where ethnicity, gender, and national identity converge. Often, the act of remembering is connected with a female genealogy, acknowledging the transmission of collective memory from one generation to the next through female lineage. Memory in McDonald's poetry configures Afra-Costa Rican identity through the examination of the gendered and ethnically-marked self in relation to the movement of history and collective cultural experience by connecting the individual experience to a communal one. The engagement with the past is significant since that is where memory is housed. Memory is shaped by the present while it also shapes the present. The past is not dealt with in terms of an absolute truth-bearing history-but is a site of desire for continuous reconnection with history and memory. In the young poet's work, the link with a collective history is looked at from the intimate perspective of memory, which also constitutes present identity. The past is (re)constructed through memory to remember simultaneously individual experience and collective history. Memory is also connected to the expression of Afro-Costa Rican identity as an ethnic and cultural identity that challenges the prevailing national discourse of an ethnically and linguistically homogenous population. Culture critic Stuart Hall has observed that identity is not fixed or stable, but rather should be understood as a process. However, in this process of identification, memory (individual and collective) is a necessary tool in the edification of the self and its identity. …" @default.
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• W50663251 date "2004-10-01" @default.
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• W50663251 title "Identity, Female Genealogy, and Memory in the Poetry of Delia McDonald" @default.
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