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• W5126212 abstract "ATP functions as a ubiquitous signaling substance in neuronal and nonneuronal tissues. It is synthesized and stored in the nerve terminals, glial cells, and postsynaptic target cells, and is released in response to neuronal activity and a variety of other stimuli (activation of pre‐ and postsynaptic receptors, metabolic distress, inflammation, hypoosmotic stimuli, and cellular damage). ATP acts on various subtypes of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors, which are widely distributed in the nervous system. P2X receptors mediate the fast transmitter action of ATP, which has been identified in a number of central and peripheral synapses. In addition, ATP modulates synaptic transmission pre‐ and postsynaptically, both in positive and negative directions via activation of P2X and P2Y receptors, respectively. Moreover, ATP acts as a transmitter not only in neuron–neuronal and neuro‐effector synapses, but also transmits signals between glial cells and neurons and within glial networks. Rapidly emerging data indicate that ATP plays an important role in sensory systems, that is, in the processing of the pain, in mechano‐ and chemosensory transduction and in the microglial response to inflammatory challenge. Finally, ATP might also act as a pathological mediator in acute and chronic neurodegeneration and in the following repair process. List of Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta peptide; ABC, ATP binding cassette; ADP, adenosine 50-diphosphate; 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol; AMP, adenosine 50-monophosphate; AMPA, α-amino-5-hydroxy-3methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid; Ap4A, diadenosine tetraphosphate; Ap5A, diadenosine pentaphosphate; ATP, adenosine 50-triphosphate; CNS, central nervous system; CNT, concentrative nucleoside transporter; COX-2, cyclooxigenase-2; EEG, electroencephalography; E-NPPs, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatases; ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter; E-NTPDases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphospho-hydrolases; ERK/JNK, extracellular signal regulated protein kinase; GABA, γ-amino-butyric acid; GPI, glycosylphosphatidyl inositol; GTP, guanosine 50-triphosphate; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; IFNγ, interferon–γ; IL-1α, interleukin-1α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-18, interleukin-18; IMP, inosine monophosphate; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, bacterial lypopolisaccharide; mRNA, messenger RNA; NBMPR, nitrobenzylthioinosine; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; NO, nitric oxide; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarii; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxidopamine; p38MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase; PNS, peripheral nervous system; PPADS, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-20,40disulphonic acid; ROI, reactive oxygen intermediates; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; UDP, uridine 50-diphosphate; UTP, uridine 50-triphosphate" @default.
• W5126212 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W5126212 creator A5006946764 @default.
• W5126212 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W5126212 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W5126212 title "10 ATP-Mediated Signaling in the Nervous System" @default.
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