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• W51497664 abstract "Review of Early and Middle Archaic dates from portions of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama suggests a refinement of pertinent chronology, including the temporal placement of strata at the Eva site. Climatic factors appear to be major stimuli for the phenomenon. Conclusions reached herein will also serve to correct statements made previously by this author about chronology. Some time ago I suggested (McNutt 1996:199-200) that the phenomenon would be an appropriate marker with which to begin the Late Archaic There is considerable evidence of population increase and expansion during the Late Archaic, and I suspected that the phenomenon signaled the beginning of this growth within a limited area of the Southeastern United States. I also suggested that the development was post-hypsithermal. This suggestion places undue strain on accepted chronology for the phenomenon on the one hand and terminal Hypsithermal on the other and can no longer be maintained. A reexamination of relevant chronology was obviously in order. The results of this study produced several items of interest that are the subject of this paper. Introduction The Middle Archaic period began with and extends throughout most of the relatively dry Hypsithermal interval, which began ca. 7500 Although there are slight differences regarding the beginning of the Middle Archaic, there is general agreement that it ended ca. 5,000 years ago, or roughly 3000B.C. (Anderson et al. 1996:15; Bentz 1988:307; Chapman 1990:1; McGahey 2000:87; Morse and Morse 1983:99; O'Brien and Wood 1998:106). The Middle Archaic period appears to be a time of general but not universal population decrease and/or population retraction in the Southeast. Although a wide variety of projectile forms appear during this there is initially limited evidence of such cultural phenomena as semipermanent or permanent base camps with prepared living floors, established trade networks, or developed ceremonialism. Toward the end of this during the fifth millennium B.C., such developments do appear as a complex in adjacent portions of west-central Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and northwestern Alabama (Figure 1). This complex is associated with producers of a distinctive projectile form that was named by Madeline Kneberg (1956), for County, Tennessee. The associated cultural developments soon became known as the culture, and terms such as Benton period, Benton phase, Benton complex, and Benton Interaction Sphere soon appeared in the literature. These various cultural developments will be referred to herein as the Benton and the time frame of this phenomenon as the Benton period. References to points (PPKs) and the distribution of points, which is wider than that of the phenomenon, will be specific. Excellent discussions of various aspects of the phenomenon can be found in Deter-Wolf et al. (2004), Dowd (1989), Dye (1985), Futato (1983), Hofman (1985), Johnson and Brookes (1989), Meeks (1999), Peacock (1988), Peterson (1973), Rafferty (1980), and Weinstein (1981). Eva and Middle Tennessee It soon became obvious that I had made an initial mistake is uncritically accepting the 5200 B.C. radiocarbon date for the Eva site (Lewis and Lewis 1961:13), and for this reason I began with a review of Tennessee chronology relevant to the Eva deposits, with particular interest in the occupation. To initiate the reanalysis, the previously mentioned radiocarbon date from the early Middle Archaic component at Eva was reexamined, as were dates from Kays Landing (Lewis and Kneberg 1959:163). These are some of the initial dates from the University of Michigan laboratory. For these dates, the standard deviation was doubled before publication in hopes of compensating for errors caused by factors beyond the simple laboratory counting process (Crane and Griffin 1958:1099). …" @default.
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• W51497664 date "2008-07-01" @default.
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• W51497664 title "The Benton Phenomenon and Middle Archaic Chronology in Adjacent Portions of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama" @default.
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