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• W5281312 abstract "This paper examines productions of /s/ and / �/ in English- and Japanese-acquiring children. These sibilant fricatives are interesting because they are often mastered late despite being common across languages (Jakobson 1968, Templin 1957, among others), and English and Japanese are particularly interesting languages in which to study them, for two reasons. First, opposite error patterns have been observed. In English, /s/ is typically mastered before / �/ and [s] is reported to substitute for target / �/ (e.g., Prather et al, 1975). By contrast, in Japanese, /s/ is mastered much later than / �/, and [ �] and [t �] are typically reported substitutions (e.g., Nakanishi, Owada, & Fujita, 1972). Second, Tsurutani (2004) found evidence suggesting covert contrast 1 in substitutions of [ �] for target /s/ in five Japanese-acquiring children, and our impression of [s] for target / �/ substitutions that we have heard leads us to expect covert contrast in some Englishacquiring children, too. The productions we studied were words beginning with /s/ and / �/ taken from recordings for each language of five adults, ten 2-year-olds, and ten 3-year-olds engaged in a wordrepetition task. All productions were transcribed by a native speaker, and the transcription results agreed with earlier studies for the most part. Of the 20 English-speaking children, all but two produced /s/ correctly, whereas only half produced / �/ correctly. Moreover, no /s/ errors were substitutions of [ �], whereas all / �/ errors were substitutions of [s]. By contrast, only seven of the Japanese-acquiring children produced /s/ correctly, as compared to ten who produced / �/ correctly. Meanwhile, most errors for / �/ were substitutions of manner (e.g., [t �] or [c]), with only one child substituting [s], whereas errors for /s/ typically involved place in addition to (or instead of) manner. Many children substituted [t �] or [c] for /s/, and one child consistently substituted [ �]. We measured six acoustic parameters that have been shown to distinguish sibilants in several languages, in order to address two sets of questions. First, what parameters distinguish /s/ from / �/? Do these parameters pattern the same way across the two languages and are patterns consistent between child and adult speakers? Second, for children who do not produce a perceptible contrast between /s/ and / �/, is there acoustic evidence of covert contrast? If so, are the same parameters involved in covert contrast across children and across languages? One result observed in the adults’ productions for both languages was that each of the six parameters showed a significant difference between the contrasting sibilants although the size of the effect varied. Another notable cross-language similarity was that, for children who were transcribed as producing a contrast, the most reliable acoustic parameters were the first and third spectral moments and/or the highest amplitude spectral peak frequencies during the fricative itself. These measures are illustrated in Figure 1, which plots skewness against centroid" @default.
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• W5281312 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W5281312 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W5281312 title "Contrast and covert contrast in the acquisition of /s/ and / / in English and Japanese" @default.
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