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• W5356965 abstract "ON 1 DECEMBER 1997, ninth-grader Michael Carneal brought a .22-caliber pistol and five shotguns to the lobby of Heath High School in Paducah, Kentucky. Upon arriving, he began shooting into a crowd of his schoolmates, wounding five and killing three. The police arrested him, and he was convicted of murder. The investigation revealed that Carneal regularly played violent video games, including Redneck Rampage, Doom, Mech Warrior, Nightmare Creatures, Resident Evil, and Final Fantasy, all of which involved killing virtual opponents. He also had a videotape of the movie The Basketball Diaries, which included a segment in which the high school student protagonist dreams of killing his teacher and several of his classmates. Analysis of the hard drive of his computer revealed that he had visited www.persiankitty.com, which catalogs and links to sites with sexually suggestive material, and www.adultkey.com, where he obtained adult-age verification to visit many other pornographic sites. The parents of the three murdered students filed suit in federal court against the companies that produced or maintained the aforementioned video games, movie, and Internet sites. Their first claim was that the defendants were liable for negligence -- that they knew or have known that the distribution of their material to Carneal and other young people created an unreasonable risk of harm to others. More specifically, the plaintiff parents contended that exposure to the defendants' material desensitized Carneal to violence and that without this repeated exposure he would not have committed his violent acts. Their second claim was that these violent video game cartridges, movie videotape, and Internet transmissions were defective products, making the defendants strictly liable under Kentucky's product liability law. Their third claim was that the defendants that maintained the websites violated the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act by distributing obscene material to minors. On 6 April 2000, in response to the defendants' motion, the district court dismissed all the claims. The parents appealed. On 13 August 2002, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.1 The primary focus of the court's opinion was the negligence claim. First, the appellate court concluded that, because of lack of foreseeability, the defendant companies did not owe the plaintiff parents a duty of care. Citing a Kentucky precedent in which the company that manufactured Dungeons and Dragons was found not to be liable for negligence in regard to the suicide of a youth who had made a steady diet of this game, the Sixth Circuit reasoned: It appears simply impossible to predict that these games, movie, and internet sites (alone, or in what[ever] combinations) would incite a young person to violence. Carneal's reaction was simply too idiosyncratic to expect the defendants to have anticipated it. Although admitting that mental health experts might dispute its conclusion that the leap was too far between shooting characters on a video screen, which millions do, to shooting people in a school, which at most a handful do, the court identified two relevant policies that argued against concluding that the connection between the two activities was reasonably foreseeable: 1) the general rule that parties are entitled to assume that third parties will not commit intentional criminal actions and 2) the First Amendment concern against attaching tort liability to the dissemination of ideas and images. With regard to the first policy, the court rejected the applicability of the special-relationship exception. With regard to the second policy, the court observed that the plaintiffs sought to base liability on the expressive aspects of the defendants' materials and that efforts to regulate such expression in relation to minors should be directed in the first instance to the legislative and executive branches of state and federal governments. …" @default.
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• W5356965 date "2003-03-01" @default.
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• W5356965 title "COURTSIDE: Virtual Liability?" @default.
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