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• W55799802 abstract "ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD expressed some cogent criticisms of Zeno's paradox. Zeno designed his paradox to demonstrate that motion or change is impossible; that is, because an arrow in flight is always at rest exactly where it is at every moment and cannot be anywhere else at that moment, there is no possibility of change in the arrow when considered moment by moment, for it is always at rest, and hence there is also no possibility of motion. However, Whitehead maintained that Zeno's whole premise is wrong -- the arrow can never be at rest because it is always in the process of becoming. Even when it (or anything else, for that matter) appears to be at rest, it is nonetheless always fluid, at least in the dimension of time. Thus, since all things exist in space and time, all things are also always sometime and someplace other than where they are now, since where they are now no longer exists; that particular time and place have passed by, even in the time taken to read this sentence. Consequently, since all things are always some time and some place else, it follows that they are also some thing else; as Whitehead points out, all things are better understood as processes than as objects. If the reader is still with me, he or she may already have anticipated the simple conclusion to all this: Since physical experiences themselves are so fluid in definition, is it surprising that the language used to describe them is correspondingly evasive and slippery? The Independent Existence of Experience and Language In the face of this question, however, my thesis is that language at least moves with experience, and that experience and language therefore have a non-independent relationship between them, which at least implies the independent existence of both. This can be seen both in the nature of our daily experience and in the nature of our use of language. The following illustrations may help explain this point. As the Scholastic philosopher Thomas Aquinas maintained hundreds of years ago, language is not univocal (having a single relationship) with experience: On the other hand, neither is language equivocal with experience (that is, having no relationship or else a completely arbitrary relationship between them): Rather, Thomas describes language as analogical in nature, and therefore linked to experience in a relationship that is perhaps arbitrary in particulars, but necessary in overall concept. (Actually, Thomas does not think that all language is necessarily analogical, but I am attempting to update his argument for a skeptical twentieth-century audience.) I feel the relationship between language and experience might be fruitfully diagrammed in this manner: Notice that here language at least moves with experience, the link between the two being cause and effect. In other words, experience does not provoke a necessary language, a language necessary in itself in every particular, but experience does provoke the effect of language, which is necessary; no word in itself is necessary, but the linguistic representation of experience is necessary, and therefore language and experience are related. Experience and language can be seen as forever linked, but separate entities -- just as, as I sit here typing these words on my computer, they appear on the monitor screen as language, but are actually and experientially stored as electronic impulses in the computer itself. The monitor and computer are linked, but separate -- necessary to each other, but independent of each other as well. The Cause/Effect Link Let me illustrate the link between the two (language and experience), which I have called cause / effect. Suppose a furry four-legged creature with a long tail -- a cat -- walks into the room. Whether we call this creature a cat, a chat, or el gato, the experience of the cat does provoke (or cause) the effect of language to describe or designate it. No particular word in itself is necessary (as witness the fact that the same creature is designated differently in different languages), but the effect of language, the linguistic representation of experience, is necessary, as previously stated. …" @default.
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• W55799802 date "1994-12-22" @default.
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• W55799802 title "The Interaction of Experience and Language" @default.
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