FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W56647607> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W56647607 endingPage "423" @default.
• W56647607 startingPage "401" @default.
• W56647607 abstract "Immunotoxicity is defined as the toxicological effects of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals on the functioning of the immune system and can be induced in either direct or indirect ways. Direct immunotoxicity is caused by the effects of chemicals on the immune system, leading to immunosuppression and subsequently to reduced resistance to infectious diseases or certain forms of nongenotoxic carcinogenicity. In vitro testing has several advantages over in vivo testing, such as detailed mechanistic understanding, species extrapolation (parallelogram approach), and reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal experiments. In vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity can be done in a two-tiered approach, the first tier measuring myelotoxicity. If this type of toxicity is apparent, the compound can be designated immunotoxic. If not, the compound is tested for lymphotoxicity (second tier). Several in vitro assays for lymphotoxicity exist, each comprising specific functions of the immune system (cytokine production, cell proliferation, cytotoxic T-cell activity, natural killer cell activity, antibody production, and dendritic cell maturation). A brief description of each assay is provided. Only one assay, the human whole blood cytokine release assay, has undergone formal prevalidation, while another one, the lymphocyte proliferation assay, is progressing towards that phase. Progress in in vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity includes prevalidation of existing assays and selection of the assay (or combination of assays) that performs best. To avoid inter-species extrapolation, assays should preferably use human cells. Furthermore, the use of whole blood has the advantage of comprising multiple cell types in their natural proportion and environment. The so-called “omics” techniques provide additional mechanistic understanding and hold promise for the characterization of classes of compounds and prediction of specific toxic effects. Technical innovations such as high-content screening and high-throughput analysis will greatly expand the opportunities for in vitro testing." @default.
• W56647607 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W56647607 creator A5005567085 @default.
• W56647607 creator A5009177456 @default.
• W56647607 creator A5034364029 @default.
• W56647607 creator A5066481792 @default.
• W56647607 date "2009-10-30" @default.
• W56647607 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W56647607 title "In Vitro Testing for Direct Immunotoxicity: State of the Art" @default.
• W56647607 cites W124239641 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1497126828 @default.
• W56647607 cites W15185066 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1556867369 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1965968270 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1980669307 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1981814090 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1982218096 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1984904131 @default.
• W56647607 cites W1989963247 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2009791753 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2017372209 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2026714659 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2030526585 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2045342330 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2051385700 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2051551182 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2051980476 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2055500937 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2057668632 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2060072479 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2065909544 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2071872160 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2073143853 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2092222450 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2103362416 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2111437254 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2116355749 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2128437356 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2133298563 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2134396365 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2140689677 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2141341794 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2149720473 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2159436855 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2167116927 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2172678826 @default.
• W56647607 cites W2412991733 @default.
• W56647607 cites W4254555723 @default.
• W56647607 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-401-2_26" @default.
• W56647607 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19967527" @default.
• W56647607 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
• W56647607 type Work @default.
• W56647607 sameAs 56647607 @default.
• W56647607 citedByCount "60" @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072012 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072013 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072014 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072015 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072016 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072017 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072018 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072019 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072020 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072021 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072022 @default.
• W56647607 countsByYear W566476072023 @default.
• W56647607 crossrefType "book-chapter" @default.
• W56647607 hasAuthorship W56647607A5005567085 @default.
• W56647607 hasAuthorship W56647607A5009177456 @default.
• W56647607 hasAuthorship W56647607A5034364029 @default.
• W56647607 hasAuthorship W56647607A5066481792 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C150903083 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C154317977 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C159674089 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C202751555 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C203014093 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C207001950 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C2778690821 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C33618052 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C55493867 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W56647607 hasConcept C8891405 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C150903083 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C154317977 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C159674089 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C202751555 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C203014093 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C207001950 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C2778690821 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C33618052 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C55493867 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C86803240 @default.
• W56647607 hasConceptScore W56647607C8891405 @default.
• W56647607 hasLocation W566476071 @default.
• W56647607 hasLocation W566476072 @default.
• W56647607 hasOpenAccess W56647607 @default.
• W56647607 hasPrimaryLocation W566476071 @default.
• W56647607 hasRelatedWork W1528770089 @default.

• next