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• W580506784 abstract "* Ronald G. Samec, Evan Figg, Bob Jones University, Astronomy Program Accepted for publication January 14, 2012 Figure 2. The definitions of angular momentum, L, and angular velocity, W. Figure 1. Magnetic braking on single stars. P is the period of rotation. AML is an acronym for Angular Momentum Loss. In creation time-dilation cosmologies (e.g., those proposed by Humphreys, 1994, and Hartnett, 2007), one major question is: What maximum apparent age should be used to characterize the universe? The 14.7-billion-year answer provided by the Big Bang community should not be accepted due to its false assumptions, which are at odds with biblical history. There are many age-bearing processes (astrochronometers) that we can glean from today’s astronomy. Astrochronometers include wind-up times of spiral galaxies, rates of decrease rotation and magnetic activity, and spin-down and coalescence times of binary stars (magnetic braking), star cluster ages (isochron age) and nuclear burning ages (stellar aging on the H-R diagram), rates of visual binary orbital circularization, stellar kinematic ages, white dwarf cooling ages, pulsar spin-down ages (due to gravitational radiation), radio isochron ages from stellar spectra, and others. In this study, we will explore the subject of gyrochronology: the precise derivation of stellar ages from the rotational period of single solar-type stars and the orbital periods of interacting binaries. As stars and binaries age, magnetic braking steadily steals away angular momentum, and magnetic activity decreases. We seek to include original research from our astronomical observations. In this regard, we present a preliminary analysis of an asynchronous, fastrotating and near solar-type double contact eclipsing binary (Wilson and Twigg, 1980), AC Piscium from a recent observing run. We also include pertinent interferometric results of fast-spinning single stars. Finally, we attempt a first-ever age estimate of short period solar-type binaries apart from evolutionary time constraints. 6 Creation Research Society Quarterly Introduction We will use the term astrochronologies to describe most methods of finding the age of an astronomical object or dating such an event. These schemes are usually corrupted by the assumption that the age of the sun and our solar system is 4.57 x 109 years, or 4.57 Gigayears (Gyr), as a necessary input. We shall call this the Solar Age Condition (SAC). This is imposed in the age calculation. This is actually the maximum radioisochron age of “primordial” meteors. Due to this lesser-known calibration, derived ages are truly “astronomical.” In this particular study, we will point to examples of this in the field of gyrochronology, the precise derivation of stellar ages from the orbital period of solar-type stars and interacting binaries. The RATE project (Vardiman et al, 2005) has demonstrated that the billions of years chronology of isochron dating is faulty, and actual geological ages are nearer to the chronology given to us in the early chapters of Genesis. Here the genealogies sum to give the date of creation about 4000–5000 BC. The discrepancy, thousands of years versus billions of years, is due to an accelerated radioisotope decay rate occurring early in earth’s history, whereas standard geology assumes a constant decay rate. This makes the age of the solar system nearer to 7000 years. However, this is the date attributed to earth-bound clocks. In Starlight and Time (Humphreys, 1994), general relativity was used for the first time to solve the light-time problem: how can astronomical observations be made of objects billions of light years away in a 7000-year-old universe? Humphreys’s answer to this dilemma is that time dilation occurred in the earth-based observational frame. In his first model, earth-based clocks ran slowly when a collapsing white hole event horizon passed the earth. During those moments, light not only came from the deepest realms of space to earth, but physical processes also accelerated throughout the universe. A mature cosmos with a presumed and possibly apparent age of millions or billions of years was left in its wake. This was followed by the complete evaporation of the white hole responsible for the event. Thus, in the frame of reference at cosmological distances, possibly millions to billions of years passed, while in the earth time frame only a few days of time or less were experienced. The question here is this: What is the apparent age experienced by the universe in its time frame? Also, how large a region can be called the “earth time frame,” and what happened in nearby regions? So we prefer to pose the question as, “What apparent age can we use to characterize the universe?” The 14.7-billion-year answer provided by the Big Bang community should not be accepted due to its false assumptions, which are at odds with biblical history. We will seek to avoid the SAC in our study wherever possible. Thus, we would like to base our timescales on a natural reference clock (NRC) rather than clocks calibrated with the SAC. Such chronometers include Newtonian orbital periods, the speed of light, and situations where the physical rates, frequencies, velocities, and accelerations are known from observations. For instance, a recent study was published in Creation Matters (Samec, 2011) on the missing intracluster medium (ICM) in globular clusters, which should be created by stellar winds of member stars. We used cluster orbital periods about the Milky Way and the time between orbital passages of the galactic plane as a NRC. We would like to replicate this type of study many times over as we explore age-bearing processes in modern astronomy. One of these, spiral windup times, has been indicated by Humphreys (2001). Others include rotation and magnetic activity and spin-down of solar-type stars and binary star coalescence (magnetic braking), star cluster ages (isochron age) and nuclear burning ages (stellar aging on the H-R diagram), binary star circularization, stellar kinematic ages (stars’ dispersal velocity increase with time due to interactions), white dwarf cooling age, pulsar spin-down age (due to gravitational radiation), radio isochron ages from stellar spectra, and others. In each of these studies, we will seek to scale events with a NRC rather than SAC. Magnetic Braking In this study we will explore the area of gyrochronology: the precise derivation of stellar ages from the decay of the orbital period of single solar-type stars and interacting binaries, i.e., magnetic braking. We will explore the magnetic braking of both single stars and close binaries. Single Stars By “solar-type stars,” we mean stars that have outer convective zones in the outermost layer. These are called convective envelopes. Stars are self-gravitating gaseous spheres that produce energy by continuous nuclear reactions in their cores. The core extends to 0.25 RŸ, the radius of the Sun. In the Sun, and other A5 to K type stars, the energy is transported outward by electromagnetic radiation through the radiative zone and then onto a convective zone. For the Sun, the radiative zone extends to 0.71 RŸ. Beyond that, the density and opacity is such that energy is transported by swirling convective currents. These swirling plasmas produce the magnetic phenomena visible on the Sun’s surface, or photosphere, called the Active Sun. This includes coronal loops, granulation, sunspots, faculae, prominences, and flares. The magnetic fields on the Sun are largely bipolar—they consist of two poles, north and south. Fields protrude out of the convective regions beyond the photosphere. These bipolar fields restrain the plasmas and produce dark sunspots that occur in pairs called bipolar magnetic regions. The magnetic fields extend outward, especially at the poles, and weaken so that plasmas escape along stiff field lines out to a region called the Alfven radius, some 50 solar radii. As the winds, consisting of Volume 49, Summer 2012 7 mostly protons, escape, they carry away angular momentum, much the same as a spinning speed skater who spreads her arms. The skater’s rotation slows down. In the case of stars, the momentum is lost forever as mass is carried away into space. In this way, over time, a fast-rotating, magnetically active star becomes a slow-rotating, less active star like our present-day Sun with its ~25-day rotational period. This process is called magnetic braking (see Figure 1). Angular momentum, L, for an object orbiting about a single axis is written as L I d n dt q = W" @default.
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• W580506784 title "The Apparent Age of the Time Dilated Universe I: Gyrochronology, Angular Momentum Loss in Close Solar Type Binaries" @default.
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