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• W58096870 abstract "In New Zealand, about two thirds of the admissions to psychiatric hospitals are readmission. It is well documented that stress is one of the major causes of deterioration of mental state (Klein, Lewinsohn, & Seeley, 1997; Liberman, 1992, Malla & Norman, 1992, Norman & Malla, 1993). Segal and Vander Voort referred to daily hassles or stresses as concerns, worries, or events that disrupt a person's well being and daily (1993a, p. 276). The daily stresses, identified by the as severe, reflect the important pattern of goals and life themes in the person's life (Gruen, Folkman & Lazarus, 1988). Daily stresses are the irritating, frustrating demands that occur during everyday transactions with the environment (Lu, 1997). They are the chronic strains associated with social roles and enduring characteristics of the environment (Nadaoka, Kashiwakura, Oiji, Morioka & Totsuka, 1997; Newman, 1994). Coping is viewed as responses to perceived stress and defined as the constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, p. 141). Literature (e.g., Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989; Rippetoe & Roger, 1989) suggests that no particular coping methods can be inherently effective or ineffective, functional or dysfunctional. Coping methods such as active behavior or distraction may be beneficial for some people in some situations, whereas they may not be beneficial for other people in other contexts. Level of mental health and daily stresses may be reciprocally related. Some daily stresses may result from the effects of poor mental health (Depue & Monroe, 1986). An individual's level of poor mental health may act to influence the amount of stress that is being experienced (Dohrenwend, Dohrenwend, Dodson, & Shrout, 1984; Norman & Malla, 1993). Five studies (Klein et al., 1997; Miller & Miller, 1991, Norman & Malla, 1994; Ravindran, Griffiths, Waddell, & Anisman, 1995; Segal & VanderVoort, 1993b) that identified the types and level of severity of daily stresses for people with psychiatric disabilities were found in the literature. Miller and Miller (1991) concluded that the severity of stress rather than the number of stresses encountered appeared to be more critical for people with psychiatric disabilities compared with a general population sample. Segal and VanderVoort (1993b) found that stress scores were significantly related to major and minor physical health problems as well as increased psychiatric symptomatology. Norman and Malla (1994) were the first group of researchers to conduct a prospective study to examine the relationships between daily stresses and symptomatology. With regard to intervention, Ravindran and associates (1995) found that individuals with depression (both major depression and chronic low grade depression) reported significantly fewer minor stresses after the 8-week period of drug treatment. Klein and associates (1997) added that adolescents with a past history of chronic depressive disorder experienced significantly higher level of daily stresses than adolescents with no history of psychopathology. The present study intends to identify the types of daily stresses faced by people with long-term psychiatric disabilities in New Zealand and their reactions to stresses. Furthermore, the present study explores how the stresses and the reactions may be related to an individual's demographic characteristics. Method Participants Participants were recruited from supported accommodations: sheltered workshop, drop-in centers, which provide support services for people in the Dunedin area suffering from long-term psychiatric illness, such as schizophrenia and affective disorder. Dunedin is one of the major cities in South Island in New Zealand. The city has a population of about 110,000. …" @default.
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• W58096870 date "1999-04-01" @default.
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• W58096870 title "The Nuisance Factor: A Study of Daily Stress for People with Long-Term Psychiatric Disabilities" @default.
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