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• W585170381 abstract "In this work has been developed a methodology to determine nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) in steam generators that burn both fuel oil and natural gas. The methodology is based on four main parameters related to combustion process in the furnace active burning zone (ABZ). Such parameters are the following ones: air excess coefficient in ABZ, average temperature in ABZ, reflected heat in ABZ and the residence time of combustion products in ABZ. As a tool to apply this methodology, there was a specially designed software which was named “NOX AD”. It can calculate the four parameters above as well as the NOx concentration for different operational methods to get a maximized reduction of NOx. The methodology was applied in a 350-ton/h (80MW) steam generator manufactured by Combustion Engineering, which is equipped with tangential burners and is currently working in the thermoelectric plant Ing. Jorge Luque located in the State of Mexico. The fuel oil used has a mass percentage composition of C=84.9%, S=3.8%, N=0.4%, H=10.8%, O=0.0% and W=0.0%. The natural gas has a volume percentage composition of CH4 = 91.97%, C2H6 = 7.12% and C3H8 = 0.91%. Different methods of NOx decrease were applied by using “NOX AD” software: gases recirculation, entrance place of recirculation gases, water injection in the ABZ, combustion at two stages and combinations of methods. The determining of the four main parameters and the NOx concentration that corresponded to each diminishing method were made under the following loads: 45%, 67%, 87% and 100%. The recirculation and water injection percentages were: 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The “NOX AD” software displays graphics that show the NOx formation behavior for each diminishing method. The results shows the maximized NOx reduction when combinations of methods is applied. INTRODUCTION The formation process of nitrogen oxides at burning occurs due to oxidation of air nitrogen and nitrogen of fuel. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) which are formed in furnaces of steam generators represent the sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen gemoxide (N2O). Quantity of NO2 and N2O does not exceed 2 % [1] and we shall consider therefore that NOx = NO. Nowadays, three mechanisms are known on which there is formation of nitrogen oxides: thermal, fast and fuel. At formation of thermal and fast oxides a source of air nitrogen acts. In case of formation fuel NOfuel a source is nitrogen of fuel. The formation mechanism of thermal oxides of nitrogen has been explained by Zeldovich [2]. This explanation has been used in many other investigations. The reactions of thermal NOth formation are characterized by high energy activation. Nitrogen oxides process occurs in a field with high temperatures exceeding 1800 K, Bartok [4]. Further, on length of a torch the oxides concentration practically does not vary according to Miller and Roslyakov [5 and 6]. Formation process of NOx is determined with the following major factors: temperature in the active burning zone, density of reflected heat flow in ABZ, air excess coefficient and time of residence of combustion products in ABZ, from Roslyakov [3, 7]. The temperature in the active burning zone influences the NOth formation process. Researches on kinetic model, developed by Roslyakov [6] have shown that temperature raise in active burning zone causes exponential NOth concentration growth in combustion products. The time to achieve an equilibrium concentration for nitrogen oxide in a range of temperatures 1800 to 1900 K is approximately 4 to 20 seconds. In boiler furnaces the residence time of combustion products is smaller, Kotler [1]. Hence, the equilibrium concentration is not reached. Many authors have investigated the influence of air excess on nitrogen oxides formation, Roslyakov [7] shows that the dependence of CNOx = f (α) has extreme character with a maximum at burning natural gas and boiler oil in the field of values of air excess coefficient αcr = 1.10 to 1.25. Fenimore [8] pointed out it’s obvious that in front of a flame, in a short time interval appears nitrogen oxides formation. These nitrogen oxides are called “fast” because of the high speed formation on the basis of torch. Reactions of fast nitrogen oxides formation occur at temperatures from 1200 to 1600 K when thermal nitrogen oxides process practically does not occur. Dependence of fast NOx formation from air excess has a maximum at α = 0.6 to 0.9, Roslyakov [7, 9] has showed, that there are two areas of air excess in which there is NO formation." @default.
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• W585170381 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W585170381 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W585170381 title "Analysis of NOx formation at burning fuel oil and natural gas for a 80 MW steam generator" @default.
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