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• W585446711 abstract "Two experimental paired watersheds on Black Mesa Mine, in the Four -Corners region of Arizona were compared by several hydrologic variables in order to determine their relative capabilities for vegetative reestablishment. From July 1977 to the present, precipitation ranged from 5 to 7 inches; runoff was 7 times lower on the topsoiled watershed. Because of its structureless nature, the non topsoiled watershed tended to crust and seal the surface. In general, the sediment yield was lower on topsoiled spoils; however, increased sediment yields were observed during intense storms, possibly reflecting the fact that the topsoil was not anchored to the underlying spoils. The non -topsoiled watershed was found to have a higher soil moisture at wilting point (13.8%) and high soluble salts (3,000 5,000 ppm), making water unavailable at higher suctions. The range of available water was higher on the non -topsoiled watershed. Tests indicated that most soil moisture water storage results from winter frontal storms of long duration. A vegetation survey indicated a more successful rate of seedling establishment (8.1 plants /m) on the topsoiled watershed, but with a high subsequent die off rate due to drought conditions. Mechanical treatment of and chemical amendments to spoils and topsoils are discussed. It is concluded that the practice of topsoiling will greatly enhance revegetation of mine spoils in arid environments. If it is necessary to directly revegetate spoil materials without topsoiling, salt and drought tolerant species are recommended. INTRODUCTION AND AREA DESCRIPTION The passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (Public Law 95 -87) made it mandatory (in most cases) to topsoil graded coal mine spoils. Investigations on the feasibility of top soiling, for increasing the speed of reclamation and of vegetation establishment have been suggested by various authors. Some investigators have questioned the use of topsoiling for seedling and vegetative establishment in western coal mining areas as being unnecessary and very costly (Bradshaw, 1973). Some feel that in most arid land areas topsoil is undefined and restricted to the upper 2 -3 inches of the A horizon (Wahlquist, et al. 1975) and that stripping this topsoil could be economically unfeasible. Others contend that topsoiling is a necessity if anything is to be established on graded spoils, due to the unstable nature of the spoils (United States Federal Register, 1978). Much of the semi -arid western coal mining lands have poor quality topsoil, are low in organic matter and nutritive value (Wahlquist, et al. 1975), and may seem a doubtful medium for vegetative purposes. Very little has been done by way of comparing topsoiled and non -topsoiled areas. One Northwestern New Mexico study points to limited success in seedling establishment on topsoil, and subsequent high die off rates (Wahlquist, et al. 1975). The intent of this study is to compare a topsoiled with a non -topsoiled area, and to propose what each area may have to offer for the rehabilitation of coal strip mined lands. Spoils have unique chemical and physical properties and cannot be called soils in the pedological sense. They may present problems in revegetation due to higher salt content and finer texture, although some areas in the southwest anticipate a favorable response from mine spoils as a growing medium (Yamamoto 1975). Of particular concern on the Black Mesa (included in the FourCorners area), is its low and variable rainfall, which averages from 9 -12 inches per year with a range between 6 inches in the basin areas and 15 inches near the rim where mining is less intensive (National Academy of Sciences, 1974). There are two rainy seasons. The winter season (November April) brings in long duration frontal storms and aids mostly in the buildup of soil moisture. The summer season (late July early September) usually consists of high intensity convective cells which cause most of the runoff and result in little soil moisture storage. During this season, some areas may receive considerable quantities of rainfall during a storm, while others may not receive any, a situation that makes vegetation efforts difficult. Because of the low and sporadic rainfall, an important consideration was made for topsoil and spoil moisture retention and storage, and possible mechanical and chemical alterations of these media to increase moisture retention. The study areas were two experimental paired watersheds in the J -27 area on Black Mesa Mine, in Northern Arizona, leased and operated by the Peabody Coal Company. The topsoiled watershed (3.0 acres) was first regraded to blend in with the existing topography and covered with 12 inches of reddish, moderate, coarse, crumb, sandy loam, alluvial soil, that had been scraped away from the surface three feet, and 263 stockpiled before overburden removal. Slopes varied from 5 15 %. The non-topsoiled watershed was 5.4 acres, consisting of structureless, fine, platy, sandy loam gray spoils material. Slopes again varied from 5 15% and conformed to existing natural terrain. Continuous data for runoff and precipitation have been collected since July of 1977. The watersheds were equipped with a standard 8 -inch continuous recording raingage located between the watersheds. Each watershed had provisions for measuring and collecting runoff by use of 2.0 ft. deep H flumes, measuring a maximum of 10.98 cfs. Each flume was equipped with FW -1 continuous recording water level recorders. In addition, each had a Coshocton splitter dividing the runoff into 1/200 of the total, and diverts it into a runoff collector. From this first collector, another splitter further divided the runoff 1 /10 more, making runoff in the 2nd collector 1/2000 of the total runoff. Sediment samples were taken in the collectors. Neutron access tubes have been established on the watersheds to help evaluate the soil moisture regime. No other treatments were added to the watersheds until June 1979, when the area was seeded with a mixture consisting of Indian Rice Grass (Oryzopsls hymenoides), Vernal Alfalfa, saltbush (Atri lex spp.), Alkalai Sacaton, a variety of Crested and Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.), and sweets ovi er. The areas were first disked across the contour, broadcast seeded, and finally chained for adequate seed coverage. No fertilizer amendments were made. After seeding, a vegetation study was initiated to compare differences in seedling establishment. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS Chemical analysis of the topsoiled and non -topsoiled watersheds were conducted in August, 1977 and August 1979 to compare differences, and to check for any salinization, nitrification, or mineralization. Soils were collected randomly and submitted to the University of Arizona Soils and Water Testing Laboratory for analysis. Results of the analysis are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1. Chemical Analysis of Topsoiled and Non -topsoiled Mined -Land Materials on the Black Mesa Characteristic August 1977 August 1979 Non-topsoiled 0 -6 in. Non -topsoiled Topsoiled 6 -12 in. 6 -12 in. Non -topsoiled Topsoiled 0 -6 in. 0 -6 in. pH 5.48 5.33 7.73 4.00 8.00 EC x 103 4.92 7.50 1.57 10.01 1.59 Sot. salts, ppm 3444 5252 1099 7007 1113 ESP 0.62 1.09 1.67 1.89 1.19 Na, meq /1 9.80 7.10 4.63 14.18 4.05 K, meq /I 0.49 0.63 0.17 0.36 0.21 N, ppm 30.88 45.21 4.15 194.00 5.75 P. ppm 0.13 0.21 0.36 0.20 1.25" @default.
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• W585446711 date "1980-04-12" @default.
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• W585446711 title "Hydrologic Evaluation of Topsoiling for Rehabilitating Black Mesa Coal Mine Lands" @default.
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